Dental development in patients with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP): a case control study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Dental development in patients with and without unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP): a case control study Julie Van Dyck 1 & Giacomo Begnoni 1 & Guy Willems 1 & Annouschka Laenen 2 & Patrick Thevissen 3 & Anna Verdonck 1 & Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula 1 Received: 17 April 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objective To evaluate if the presence of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) causes delay in dental age and tooth development. Materials and methods Panoramic radiographs of 189 non-syndromic UCLP patients, aged from 6 to 20 years, were collected. Two measures of tooth development were examined: dental maturity scale for the seven left mandibular teeth (dental age—DA) and the degree of each tooth development (developmental score—DS). All the teeth except third molars were staged according to the Demirjian’s method. The data of the cleft group were compared with a control group matched for age and gender, based on the findings observed in other 189 panoramic radiographs. Results At all ages, DA was lower in the UCLP group, but not always significantly; the highest difference was − 1.411 for females at 13 years old and − 0.776 for males at 12 years old. DS of all teeth was significantly lower in the UCLP group, at all ages under 17 in females, and at all ages under 18 in males. In UCLP group, tooth development was more delayed in the maxilla compared with the mandible. No evidence of a slower development at the cleft side compared with the non-cleft side was highlighted. Conclusions Significant lower dental development was observed in UCLP patients compared with control ones by using DS and DA indexes. Clinical relevance These findings can help the clinicians in establishing a proper orthodontic and surgical diagnosis and treatment planning in UCLP patients and for forensic age estimation’s purposes. Keywords Dental age . Tooth development . Cleft lip and palate . Panoramic radiograph
Introduction Craniofacial anomalies such as cleft lip and palate are among the most prevalent of all congenital disorders. Orofacial clefts have a worldwide frequency of 1 in 700 newborns, with a reported prevalence of 1.47/1000 in the Netherlands and Belgium [1]. Cleft patients encounter dental, hearing, speech,
* Maria Cadenas de Llano-Pérula [email protected] 1
Department of Oral Health Sciences-Orthodontics, KU Leuven and Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 7, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
2
Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, KU Leuven and University Hasselt, Kapucijnenvoer 35, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
3
Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
psychological, and esthetic problems. Moreover, a higher prevalence of severe tooth anomalies is observed. In particular, abnormal tooth formation, enamel hypoplasia, and tooth agenesis often occur in these patients. The same etiological factors inducing the formation of the cleft can also hav
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