Deployment of Underground Wireless Sensor Network Based on Magnetic Core Antennas and Multiple Surface Acoustic Wave Sen
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Deployment of Underground Wireless Sensor Network Based on Magnetic Core Antennas and Multiple Surface Acoustic Wave Sensor Modules Sihyeok Kim1 · Cheolhyun Park1 · Keekeun Lee1 Received: 26 May 2020 / Revised: 26 June 2020 / Accepted: 13 July 2020 © The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2020
Abstract For the first time, a 3less (batteryless, chipless, wireless) underground sensor system was developed for real time monitoring of variations in temperature, humidity, and hydrogen gas concentrations around underground utility burials. The completed sensor system consists of several magnetic core antennas, surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors, and a measurement system. Each SAW sensor was activated by pure magnetic energy, and showed high sensor performances in sensitivity and linearity. A long readout distance was observed between the upper and underground antennas, and wireless magnetic communication was analyzed in terms of the interdistances, the angles between antennas, and the underground constituent mediums. A circulator was employed to discern magnetic signals emitting and receiving in between the upper and underground systems. A COMSOL simulation and coupling of mode (COM) modeling were also conducted to determine optimal design parameters for the sensor modules, and to predict the experimental results in advance. Keywords Underground wireless sensor network · Surface acoustic wave · Magnetic core antenna · Hydrogen sensor · Temperature sensor · Moisture sensor
1 Introduction Various utility pipelines are buried underground, including power lines, cables, optical fiber communication lines, gas pipelines, water and sewage lines, and hot water pipelines. In the future, the demand for the underground burials will continuously increase to include earthquake detectors, sink hole detectors, energy suppliers for eco-friendly vehicles, and traffic monitoring sensors [1, 2]. Large-scale accidents such as explosions and fires frequently occurs these day, mostly caused by electrical shorts, overheating, gas leakages, and malfunctions around the underground burials, resulting in enormous property damage, shutdown of public services, and huge expenses for recovery. To prevent these types of large-scale accidents and take preemptive measures in advance, an underground wireless sensor system is needed by placing various types of sensors and their * Keekeun Lee [email protected] 1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon‑si 443‑749, Korea
wireless communication systems around the underground burials. As presently existing underground wireless communication technologies, there are several different ways using wire, electromagnetic (EM), ultrasonic, and magnetic waves [3–6]. Wired communication is of the most widely used method in present underground sensor systems. However, the use of a long conducting wire causes many issues such as signal attenuation and distortion when electrical signals pass through the conducting metal line, and frequent damage of the line
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