Depression risk and body mass index among immigrants and non-immigrants in Canada: results from the Canadian Community H
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Depression risk and body mass index among immigrants and non‑immigrants in Canada: results from the Canadian Community Health Surveys, 2010–2014 Yingying Su1 · Wenwang Rao2 · Carl D’Arcy1,3 Received: 7 August 2019 / Accepted: 11 March 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose Obesity has been associated with an increased risk of the depression in the general population, but it is unknown whether this relationship applies equally to immigrants as well as non-immigrants. Furthermore, the nature of the relationship is uncertain, is it direct or curvilinear? The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between body mass index and major depressive episode among immigrants and non-immigrants. Methods To provide more statistically robust data, a series of cross-sectional health surveys of the Canadian population for the 5 years 2010–2014 were pooled to increase the number of immigrants in the study. Restricted cubic splines analysis was used to examine the nature of the association. Results Immigrants had lower 12-month depression and obesity prevalence rates than non-immigrants. In addition, it was found that non-immigrants were more likely to develop depression than immigrants, OR = 1.40 (95% CI, 1.16–1.67). Obese respondents were more likely to develop depression than normal weight respondents in both immigrant (OR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.03–2.32) and non-immigrant groups (OR = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15–1.32). A significant nonlinear elongated J-shaped association between obesity and depression was found for both immigrants and non-immigrants with increased risk of depression in obese individuals. Conclusion Culture-specific, clinical-based interventions should be developed to improve the early identification, treatment and recovery of individuals with a high BMI particularly among those with BMIs in the obese range. Keywords Body mass index · Depression · Restricted spline function · Immigrant · Dose response
Introduction
Yingying Su and Wenwang Rao contributed equally to the work. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01861-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Carl D’Arcy [email protected] 1
School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
2
Unit of Psychiatry, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
3
Department of Psychiatry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Obesity and depression are two major and prevalent public health issues with profound health implications because they share common health complications, such as an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and all-cause mortality [1, 2]. Over one-third of Canadians are overweight and one-quarter are obese [3], and 4.7% of Canadians over the age of 15 reported experiencing symptoms consistent with depression in the past 12 months and 11.3% reported lifetim
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