Derived Shower and Interaction Parameters, Refined Event Reconstruction
In this chapter we discuss some of the hidden air shower and hadronic interaction parameters that cannot be extracted reliably directly from experimental data but require detailed simulations for the interpretation. We present experimental methods and the
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Peter K.F. Grieder
Extensive Air Showers High Energy Phenomena and Astrophysical Aspects A Tutorial, Reference Manual and Data Book Volume I
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Prof. Dr. Peter K.F. Grieder University of Bern Physikalisches Institut Sidlerstr. 5 3012 Bern Switzerland [email protected]
Cover Left: Photograph of the original KASCADE air shower array at Karlsruhe, Germany, showing part of the 252 huts, distributed over an area of 200 by 200 m, that house the combined unshielded (all charged particle) and shielded (muon) detectors, and the huge central hadron calorimeter. The latter measures 320 m2 , is 11.5 nuclear interaction lengths deep and consists of nine layers of lead, iron and concrete. In addition the experiment includes major muon tracking facilities. It was designed to study galactic cosmic rays at energies around the spectral knee region (PeV). In 2003 the experiment had been extended to KASCADE-Grande, covering an area of 700 by 700 m and an energy range up to 1 EeV. The experiment could then study the galactic-extragalactic transition region of the cosmic radiation. It was shut-off at the end of March 2009 (Courtesy of Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany). Right: The Crab Nebula (catalogue designation M1, NGC 1952, Taurus A) in our own Galaxy is the remnant of the supernova SN-1054, discovered by Chinese astronomers in the year 1054 AD. I have chosen this picture as a symbolic representative of a galactic research object, reflecting the aims of the KASCADE project to study the galactic cosmic radiation. Recently, old documents had been found in European monasteries where the event SN-1054 is mentioned, thus confirming the Chinese observation. The Crab Nebula spans about 11 light-years across (3.4 pc) and is at a distance of approximately 6, 500 ± 1, 600 ly (2 ± 0.5 kpc) from our location. A Pulsar (rotating neutron star) is in its center. Both objects are emitters of gamma rays and are intensely studied by gamma ray astronomers (Courtesy of ESO).
Corrected 2nd Printing 2010 ISBN 978-3-540-76940-8 e-ISBN 978-3-540-76941-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-76941-5 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939841 c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore fre
