Design and feasibility of a novel program of cervical screening in Nigeria: self-sampled HPV testing paired with visual
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Open Access
Design and feasibility of a novel program of cervical screening in Nigeria: self-sampled HPV testing paired with visual triage Kanan T. Desai1,2†, Kayode O. Ajenifuja3*†, Adekunbiola Banjo4, Clement A. Adepiti3, Akiva Novetsky5, Cathy Sebag6, Mark H. Einstein5, Temitope Oyinloye3, Tamara R. Litwin1, Matt Horning7, Fatai Olatunde Olanrewaju3, Mufutau Muphy Oripelaye3, Esther Afolabi3, Oluwole O. Odujoko3, Philip E. Castle8, Sameer Antani9, Ben Wilson7, Liming Hu7, Courosh Mehanian7, Maria Demarco1, Julia C. Gage1, Zhiyun Xue9, Leonard R. Long9, Li Cheung1, Didem Egemen1, Nicolas Wentzensen1 and Mark Schiffman1
Abstract Background: Accelerated global control of cervical cancer would require primary prevention with human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in addition to novel screening program strategies that are simple, inexpensive, and effective. We present the feasibility and outcome of a community-based HPV self-sampled screening program. Methods: In Ile Ife, Nigeria, 9406 women aged 30–49 years collected vaginal self-samples, which were tested for HPV in the local study laboratory using Hybrid Capture-2 (HC2) (Qiagen). HPV-positive women were referred to the colposcopy clinic. Gynecologist colposcopic impression dictated immediate management; biopsies were taken when definite acetowhitening was present to produce a histopathologic reference standard of precancer (and to determine final clinical management). Retrospective linkage to the medical records identified 442 of 9406 women living with HIV (WLWH). Results: With self-sampling, it was possible to screen more than 100 women per day per clinic. Following an audiovisual presentation and in-person instructions, overall acceptability of self-sampling was very high (81.2% women preferring self-sampling over clinician collection). HPV positivity was found in 17.3% of women. Intensive follow-up contributed to 85.9% attendance at the colposcopy clinic. Of those referred, 8.2% were initially treated with thermal ablation and 5.6% with large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ). Full visibility of the squamocolumnar junction, necessary for optimal visual triage and ablation, declined from 68.5% at age 30 to 35.4% at age 49. CIN2+ and CIN3+ (CIN- Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia), including five cancers, were identified by histology in 5.9 and 3.2% of the HPV-positive women, respectively (0.9 and 0.5% of the total screening population), leading to additional treatment as indicated. The prevalences of HPV infection and CIN2+ were substantially higher (40.5 and 2.5%, respectively) among WLWH. Colposcopic impression led to over- and under-treatment compared to the histopathology reference standard. (Continued on next page)
* Correspondence: [email protected] † Kanan T. Desai and Kayode O. Ajenifuja contributed equally to this work. 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Nigeria Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2020 Op
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