Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline-Silicon Photovoltaic Modul
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Design for Recycling Principles Applicable to Selected Clean Energy Technologies: Crystalline‑Silicon Photovoltaic Modules, Electric Vehicle Batteries, and Wind Turbine Blades Alex Norgren1,2 · Alberta Carpenter1 · Garvin Heath1,2 Received: 11 February 2020 / Accepted: 10 November 2020 / Published online: 3 December 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The global growth of clean energy technology deployment will be followed by parallel growth in end-of-life (EOL) products, bringing both challenges and opportunities. Cumulatively, by 2050, estimates project 78 million tonnes of raw materials embodied in the mass of EOL photovoltaic (PV) modules, 12 billion tonnes of wind turbine blades, and by 2030, 11 million tonnes of lithium-ion batteries. Owing partly to concern that the projected growth of these technologies could become constrained by raw material availability, processes for recycling them at EOL continue to be developed. However, none of these technologies are typically designed with recycling in mind, and all of them present challenges to efficient recycling. This article synthesizes and extends design for recycling (DfR) principles based on a review of published industrial and academic best practices as well as consultation with experts in the field. Specific principles developed herein apply to crystalline-silicon PV modules, batteries like those used in electric vehicles, and wind turbine blades, while a set of broader principles applies to all three of these technologies and potentially others. These principles are meant to be useful for stakeholders—such as research and development managers, analysts, and policymakers—in informing and promoting decisions that facilitate DfR and, ultimately, increase recycling rates as a way to enhance the circularity of the clean energy economy. The article also discusses some commercial implications of DfR.
The contributing editor for this article was Markus Reuter. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00313-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Garvin Heath [email protected] https://www.nrel.gov/research/staff/garvin-heath.html 1
Strategic Energy Analysis Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
Joint Institute for Strategic Energy Analysis, Golden, CO, USA
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13
Vol.:(0123456789)
762
Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy (2020) 6:761–774
Graphical Abstract
Design for Recycling
e anc en t ain
Operati on &
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Circular Economy and Clean Energy Technologies
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Infrastructure to extract value through reuse, remanufacturing, or recycling
e Syst gr
Manufacturing
End of life
Raw Material Extraction
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ru nst o C / Installation
Keywords DfR · Circular economy · Renewable energy · Photovoltaics · PV · Batteries · Wind
Introduction In the traditional linear economy, products are typically landfilled at end of life (EOL), and new products from virgin materials are manufactured to
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