Detection and analysis of Cd in soil by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy based on maximum likelihood estimation
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Detection and analysis of Cd in soil by laser‑induced breakdown spectroscopy based on maximum likelihood estimation Cong Liu1 · Jingqi Lu1 · Feng Xu1 · Xu Liu1 · Jinming Niu1 Received: 6 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 August 2020 / Published online: 24 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cd is an extremely toxic element and has a great impact on human health. But the detection of Cd in the soil is still a challenge. This study aimed to improve the analytical ability of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) to measure Cadmium, the trace elements in the soil. Twelve soil samples containing gradient Cd elements were prepared. The sample concentration was quantitatively analyzed and compared by using the conventional univariate calibration model and maximum likelihood estimation algorithm. Calibration analysis revealed that the fitted R2 values are 0.965 and 0.990 by the conventional univariate calibration and maximum likelihood (ML) estimation respectively. The ML estimation has higher stability and predicted concentration is more accurate. Finally, the detection limit of Cd was estimated to be 7.84 μg/g by using the proposed algorithm to correct the intensity.
1 Introduction In recent years, with the acceleration of Chinese industrialization, heavy metal pollution in soil has become increasingly serious, especially Cadmium (Cd) [1]. Cd is listed as a top environmental pollutant by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and is suspected to be a carcinogen [2]. According to the report, Cd is a huge toxic element and eventually enrich the human body with the food chain, threatening human health. Such as the“Itai–Itai Disease” happened in Japan [3], cadmium poisoning in Guangxi, China [4], all make a great impact on human health. So it’s vital to monitor the Cd in soil. For the soil analysis, conventional methods include atomic absorption spectroscopy(AAS) [5], inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy(ICP-MS) [7] and so on. Although these methods can accurately measure the trace elements in the soil, they are time-consuming and is extremely expensive to set up a system, more importantly, they can only be carried out in the laboratory. Therefore, the development of a new and rapid method for substance detection is urgently needed. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has attracted considerable attention * Jingqi Lu [email protected] 1
Department of Physics, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
in substance detection because of its rapid and convenient detection and simple sample preparation [8]. LIBS is a photoluminescence technology based on atomic emission spectroscopy. It has been rapidly developed in recent years and is widely used in various fields of production and life, such as environmental detection [9], biomedical science [10], nuclear industry analysis [11], antiques and artwork identification [12], and soil testing [14] and so on. LIBS for soil test has been rapidly developed, but due to th
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