Detection of Plant Viruses in Seeds
The methods for detecting seed-transmitted virus infection should be rapid, reliable and sensitive besides being simple to achieve results. This has been a challenge since the advent of the discipline of plant virology over 100 years ago, and a great vari
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Detection of Plant Viruses in Seeds
Abstract
The methods for detecting seed-transmitted virus infection should be rapid, reliable and sensitive besides being simple to achieve results. This has been a challenge since the advent of the discipline of plant virology over 100 years ago, and a great variety of methods have been developed since that time. Based on biological, serological and molecular tests, the virus and viroid diseases are diagnosed. In biological tests, a close and careful observation on the seed morphology in certain cases gives a tentative indication of the presence of virus (es). Grow-out test also helps in seed-borne virus diagnosis. Among serological tests Ouchterlony, ELISA and its variants, dot-immunobinding assay, TBIA, and Immunosorbent electron microscopy are widely used for virus detection. Among antibody-based detections, and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its variants, (realtime PCR, RT-PCR, IC-PCR, IC-RT-PCR, multiplex PCR), are extensively practice. Protocols have been implemented in the field using portable realtime PCR machines for same-day, on-site results; cDNA probes which are labelled with radioactive markers or nonradioactive markers are used for diagnosis of seed-borne virus and viroid diseases. Array technology has revolutionised the world of viral diagnosis because of its efficiency in screening a large volume of infected seed samples in a single array plate or reaction.
6.1
Introduction
The movement of seed material from one country to another poses a serious problem, as it introduces new diseases to that area. The presence of viruses in true seed is often established by raising seedlings from suspected seed lots and observing symptoms on them. This test is time-consuming
and of little use if one requires quick information. Hence, methods for detecting seed-transmitted virus infection should be rapid, reliable and sensitive besides being simple to undertake and give clear-cut results. As some of the devastating virus diseases are seed-transmitted, quick and thorough evaluation of the seed lot is essential at the quarantine stations.
K.S. Sastry, Seed-borne Plant Virus Diseases, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-0813-6 6, © Springer India 2013
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Seed Health Testing
It is well known that about 90% of all the food crops grown are propagated by seed. Seeds are both vehicles and victims of disease. The significance of transmission of plant diseases through seeds was realised long ago. It is a well-known fact that infected or contaminated seed is a primary source of inoculums for a large number of destructive diseases of important food, fodder and fibre crops (Neergaard 1977b). Besides affecting the crop yields, the seed-borne pathogens affect the nutritive quality and value of the seed, leading to trade barriers. In some cases infected seeds are the only source of initial inoculums in the field. One of the most relevant aspects about controlled health quality seed is referred to the detection methods used against different pathogens. International Seed Testin
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