Determination of the relationship between uniaxial and triaxial swelling equations for clay bearing rocks
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Determination of the relationship between uniaxial and triaxial swelling equations for clay bearing rocks ¨ zarslan M. Erdinc¸ Bilir • Y. Dursun Sarı • Ahmet O Melih Genis¸ • I˙brahim Sel
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Received: 13 March 2013 / Accepted: 4 September 2013 / Published online: 16 November 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
Abstract Design in swelling mediums is mostly based on uniaxial data since the standards proposed by the International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Swelling Rocks for uniaxial tests are in the form of recommendations, triaxial sets are not highly available; and there is no standard developed for triaxial tests. The main purpose of this study is to define the relationship between the uniaxial and the triaxial swelling equations and to predict the triaxial values using the uniaxial data. The other purpose of the study is to contribute to the development of the standards and to expand the data available in the literature about triaxial swelling behavior. Numerous uniaxial and triaxial swelling tests were performed on the samples from seven different locations, in Turkey, in a state of the art swelling laboratory. As a result of the determination of the triaxial swelling behavior of these samples, the relationships between the uniaxial and the triaxial swelling data for the individual samples as well as the whole set of samples are expressed by the equations derived from the statistical analyses. Keywords Swelling Triaxial Uniaxial Relationship Stress Strain Clay
¨ zarslan M. Genis¸ (&) M. E. Bilir A. O Department of Mining Engineering, Bu¨lent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] Y. D. Sarı Department of Civil Engineering, Atılım University, Ankara, Turkey I˙. Sel Department of Civil Engineering, Bursa Orhangazi University, Bursa, Turkey
Introduction Swelling of clay-bearing soils and rocks is one of the most problematic issues in geotechnical designs (Anderson et al. 2010; Bilir 2011; Nilsen and Ballou 2006; Pe´rez-Romero et al. 2007). The consequences of the swelling for construction or for the underground structures are induced stresses, deformations and decrease in strength. The results are noticed after months or even years. For these reasons, detailed work should be required for the analysis of swelling potential during geotechnical design and application. Besides, swelling of the soil and the rocks relate to many engineering disciplines, such as Civil (Ozer et al. 2012; Pejon and Zuquette 2006; Tang et al. 2009), Mining (Gysel 1977; Mao et al. 2011), Geology (Ismaiel et al. 2012; Brattli and Broch 1995) and Petroleum Engineering (van Oort 2003). They rely on the data obtained from uniaxial swelling experiments in addressing swelling problems encountered in most types of construction. Severe damage occurs if structures such as highways, airports, building foundations, walls, pavement, irrigation channels, and tunnels are constructed at swelling potential zones. Seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall relatively accelerat
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