Deterministic Approaches for the Steady-State Analysis of Distribution Systems with Wind Farms
Wind farms have several impacts on the steady-state behavior of an electrical distribution system, and these impacts must be taken into consideration. This chapter dealt with deterministic approaches for the steady-state analysis of distribution systems w
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Abstract Wind farms have several impacts on the steady-state behavior of an electrical distribution system, and these impacts must be taken into consideration. This chapter dealt with deterministic approaches for the steady-state analysis of distribution systems with wind farms, considering both balanced and unbalanced systems. The steady-state analysis was performed by using appropriate algorithms to solve the load-flow non-linear equation system. Several models of wind farms are illustrated and included in the load-flow analysis, i.e., fixed-speed, semi-variablespeed and variable-speed wind generation systems were considered. Numerical applications on a 17-bus balanced system and an IEEE 34-bus unbalanced test distribution system are presented and discussed considering various wind farm models.
P. Caramia Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Centro Direzionale, Is. 80143 Naples, Italy e-mail: [email protected] G. Carpinelli (&) D. Proto Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, Italy e-mail: [email protected] D. Proto e-mail: [email protected] P. Varilone Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Università degli Studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale, Via G. Di Biasio 43, Cassino, Italy e-mail: [email protected]
P. M. Pardalos et al. (eds.), Handbook of Wind Power Systems, Energy Systems, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41080-2_7, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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1 Introduction In recent years, the number of dispersed generation (DG) units connected to distribution networks has continued to grow, and projections are that this trend will continue into the future trend. In fact, the needs for saving energy and reducing environmental impacts, together with technology evolution and increased customer demand for highly reliable electricity, provide incentives for the proliferation of generation units connected to distribution systems that are close to the customers. Other important drivers that are leading to this proliferation are strictly linked to the new liberalized electricity markets. Such generators, with their comparatively small size, short lead times, and different technologies, allow various components of the electricity market (e.g., utilities, independent producers, and customers) to respond in a flexible way to changing market conditions. In addition, these generators make it possible to sell ancillary services, such as reactive power and back-up power. Even though DG units can be based on different types of primary energy sources, the presence of wind generators in distribution systems is increasing, and wind power is now producing a significant fraction of the energy produced by renewable energy sources all over the world. The foreseeable extensive use of wind turbine generator units (WTGUs) in the future requires that distribution system engineers properly account for their impact in the system. In fac
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