Developing a SINTACS-based method to map groundwater multi-pollutant vulnerability using evolutionary algorithms
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RESEARCH ARTICLE
Developing a SINTACS-based method to map groundwater multi-pollutant vulnerability using evolutionary algorithms Maryam Naghdizadegan Jahromi 1 & Zinat Gomeh 1 & Gianluigi Busico 2 & Rahim Barzegar 3,4 & Najmeh Neysani Samany 1 & Mohammad Taghi Aalami 4 & Dario Tedesco 2 & Micol Mastrocicco 2 & Nerantzis Kazakis 5 Received: 19 June 2020 / Accepted: 1 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract In this study, the modified SINTACS method, a rating-based groundwater vulnerability approach, was applied to data from the Campanian Plain, southern Italy, to identify groundwater vulnerable areas accurately. To mitigate the subjectivity of SINTACS rating and weighting schemes, a modified SINTACS model was formulated by optimizing parameter ratings using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and the weight scores using the evolutionary algorithms including artificial bee colony (ABC) and genetic algorithm (GA) methods. The validity of the models was verified by analyzing the correlation coefficient between the vulnerability index and nitrate (NO3) and sulfate (SO4) concentrations found in the groundwater. The correlation coefficients between the pollutant concentrations and the relevant vulnerability index increased significantly from − 0.35 to 0.43 for NO3 and from − 0.28 to 0.33 for SO4 after modifying the ratings and weights of typical SINTACS. Besides, a multi-pollutant vulnerability map considering both NO3 and SO4 pollutants was produced by amalgamating the best calibrated vulnerability maps based on the obtained correlation values (i.e., the Wilcoxon-ABC-based SINTACS vulnerability map for NO3 and the Wilcoxon-GA-based SINTACS vulnerability map for SO4). The resultant multi-pollutant vulnerability map coincided significantly with a land use map of the study area, where anthropogenic activities represented the main sources of pollution. Keywords SINTACS . Groundwater vulnerability . Campanian Plain . Evolutionary algorithm . Multi-pollutant . Anthropogenic activities
Introduction Responsible Editor: Marcus Schulz Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11089-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Najmeh Neysani Samany [email protected] 1
Faculty of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing and GIS, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2
Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
3
Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X3V9, Canada
4
Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, 29 Bahman Blvd., Tabriz 5166616471, Iran
5
Department of Geology, Lab. of Engineering Geology & Hydrogeology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
Groundwater is the most significant source of potable water in many countries. Sustainable use and protection of groundwater h
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