Development and deployment of 141 Ce fiducial marker sources for supplementing nuclear diagnostic procedures
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Development and deployment of 141Ce fiducial marker sources for supplementing nuclear diagnostic procedures S. K. Saxena1 · Yogendra Kumar1 · Y. R. Bamankar2 · Rakesh Shukla3 · Arijit Sengupta4 · Usha Pandey1 · Ashutosh Dash1 Received: 26 February 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract A facile method to prepare 141Ce based fiducial marker sources was developed to put forward an alternate to 99mTc markers routinely used during nuclear imaging procedures. Cerium oxide microspheres were prepared as source substrate by ‘internal gelation process’. ‘State-of- the art’ analyzing tools were used for characterizing the substrate. Neutron irradiation of microspheres in ‘Dhruva’ reactor was optimized. Post irradiation and quality evaluation, the sources were enclosed in an in-house developed portable device. 141Ce sources containing 37–59 MBq (1.0–1.6 mCi) of 141Ce were supplied to three nuclear imaging centres. Newly developed 141Ce fiducial markers could successfully supplement real time SPECT imaging procedures. Keywords SPECT · Surrogate · 141Ce · Internal gelation · Microsphere · Fiducial marker
Introduction Medical fraternity has always been at war with human diseases and over last few decades non-invasive in vivo nuclear imaging has become a vital tool in the diagnosis of various pathological conditions such as cardiac disorders, brain ailments, renal dysfunctions, thyroid malfunctioning including cancer of various anatomic sites. Due to ever growing progress both in terms of development of promising biochemical formulations, rapid advancement and sophistication in instrumentation, many diseases can now be caught at their origin and avert its catastrophic effects by this amazing modality. Nuclear imaging today can even help in modulating the disease at antigenic, receptor and molecular levels. High resolution single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) are * S. K. Saxena [email protected] 1
Radiopharmaceuticals Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
2
Fuel Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
3
Chemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
4
Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India
the two specialties used in nuclear imaging and both of these techniques have grown very rapidly in recent past. Radionuclide based nuclear diagnostics is essentially based upon the radiotracer principle, in which a target specific compound commonly known as ‘radiopharmaceutical’ is administered in body, which gets localized in region of interest and static or dynamic images of the desired organ are acquired with the help of SPECT/Gamma camera or PET scanner [1]. SPECT is a radionuclide imaging method that measures gamma-ray emissions from radioisotopes localized within the body of a patient. In contrast, PET measures the annihilation photons generated when a positron emitted by the decay of a radioisot
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