Diabetes, minor depression and health care utilization and expenditures: a retrospective database study
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BioMed Central
Open Access
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Diabetes, minor depression and health care utilization and expenditures: a retrospective database study Lori Nichols†1, Phoebe L Barton†1, Judith Glazner†1 and Marianne McCollum*2 Address: 1Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA and 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Ave., Box C-238, Denver, Colorado, 80262 USA Email: Lori Nichols - [email protected]; Phoebe L Barton - [email protected]; Judith Glazner - [email protected]; Marianne McCollum* - [email protected] * Corresponding author †Equal contributors
Published: 18 April 2007 Cost Effectiveness and Resource Allocation 2007, 5:4
doi:10.1186/1478-7547-5-4
Received: 28 August 2006 Accepted: 18 April 2007
This article is available from: http://www.resource-allocation.com/content/5/1/4 © 2007 Nichols et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract Background: To estimate the prevalence of minor depression among US adults with diabetes, health care resource utilization, and expenditures by people with diabetes with and without minor depression. Methods: Among adult 2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey respondents, diabetes was identified by diagnosis code and self-report. Depression was identified by diagnosis code plus ≥ one antidepressant prescription. Odds of having depression was estimated in people with diabetes and the general population, adjusted for sociodemographic variables (e.g., age, sex, race/ethnicity). Multivariate regressions evaluated factors associated with utilization and log-transformed expenditures for ambulatory care, hospitalizations, emergency visits, and prescriptions. Results: In 2003, 1932 respondents had diabetes, 435/1932 had diabetes and minor depression. Adults with diabetes were more likely than the general population to have depression (adjusted OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.56, 2.09). People with diabetes with versus without comorbid depression were more likely to be women, have lower incomes and health status, and more diabetes complications (all p < 0.05). In unadjusted analyses, ambulatory care visits were higher for those with versus without depression (17.9 vs. 11.4, p = 0.04), as were prescriptions (60.7 vs. 38.1, p = 0.05). In adjusted analyses, depression was not associated with increased resource use or higher expenditures in any category. Increased number of comorbid conditions was associated with increased resource use in all categories, and increased expenditures for ambulatory care and prescriptions. Conclusion: People with diabetes are twice as likely to have depression as the general population. Screening for and treatment of dep
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