Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes. It remains a major cause of new-onset visual loss in the United States and other industrialized nations. In Diabetic Retinopathy, Elia Duh and a panel of internationally recog
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CONTEMPORARY DIABETES ARISTIDIS VEVES, MD SERIES EDITOR The Diabetic Foot: Second Edition, edited by Aristidis Veves, MD, John M. Giurini, DPM, and Frank W. LoGerfo, MD, 2006 The Diabetic Kidney, edited by Pedro Cortes, MD and Carl Erik Mogensen, MD, 2006 Obesity and Diabetes, edited by Christos S. Mantzoros, MD, 2006 Diabetic Retinopathy, edited by Elia J. Duh, MD, 2008
DIABETIC RETINOPATHY
Edited by
Elia J. Duh, MD The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
Editor Elia J. Duh, md The Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA
Series Editor Aristides Veves Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, MA USA
ISBN: 978-1-934115-83-1 e-ISBN: 978-1-59745-563-3 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-563-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008936769 © 2008 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science + Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Humana Press, 999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208, Totowa, NJ 07512 USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com
Preface
Diabetic retinopathy is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and remains a major cause of new-onset visual loss in the United States and other industrialized nations. In addition to the morbidity and suffering caused by visual loss, the economic impact from diabetic retinopathy is tremendous. Despite significant advances in scientific understanding of diabetic retinopathy, the major treatments for this condition have largely remained the same for many years. Indeed, laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy emerged in the late 1960’s, and the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) guidelines for laser treatment of macular edema were formulated around the mid-1980’s. Guidelines for vitrectomy for vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment were also formulated in the 1980’s. However, new therapeutic strategies are being advanced, which raise the prospect that the years ahead will see very significant additions to the options for treatment o
