Diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating miRNAs for intracranial aneurysms
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REVIEW
Diagnostic and prognostic potential of circulating miRNAs for intracranial aneurysms Ilgiz Gareev 1 & Ozal Beylerli 1 & Guang Yang 2,3 & Adel Izmailov 4 & Huaizhang Shi 2,3 & Jinxian Sun 2,3 & Boxian Zhao 2,3 & Binbing Liu 2,3 & Shiguang Zhao 2,3 Received: 26 May 2020 / Revised: 23 September 2020 / Accepted: 20 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is an abnormal focal dilation of an artery in the brain that results from a weakening of the inner muscular layer of a blood vessel wall. IAs represent the most common etiology of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Despite technological advances in the treatment and use of new diagnostic methods for IAs, they continue to pose a significant risk of mortality and disability. Thus, early recognition of IA with a high risk of rupture is crucial for the stratification of patients with such a formidable disease. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenous noncoding RNAs of 18–22 nucleotides that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through interaction with 3′-untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of the target mRNAs. MiRNAs are involved in the pathogenesis of IAs, including in the mechanisms of formation, growth, and rupture. It is known that in many biological fluids of the human body, such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), numerous miRNAs, called circulating miRNAs, have been detected. The expression profile of circulating miRNAs represents a certain part of the cells in which they are modified and secreted in accordance with the physiological or pathological conditions of these cells. Circulating miRNAs can be secreted from cells into human biological fluids in extracellular vesicles or can be bound to Ago2 protein, which makes them resistant to the effects of RNAse. Therefore, circulating miRNAs are considered as new potential biomarkers of interest in many diseases, including IA. Keywords Circulating miRNAs . Biomarkers . Intracranial aneurysms . aSAH
Introduction The prevalence of intracranial aneurysms (IAs) in the general population is estimated to be 2–5% [1]. IAs are most often found in places of separation of arteries, where high shear stress on the vascular wall affects. Histologically, IAs have
* Guang Yang [email protected] * Shiguang Zhao [email protected] 1
Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
2
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Youzheng Street 23, Nangang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
3
Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
4
Republican Clinical Oncological Dispensary, Ufa, Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia
lost the inner elastic plate of the vessel wall, which separates the intima from the concentric smooth muscle layer called the media. Therefore, the loss of elastic fibers contributes to the protrusion of the remaining layers of the vessel [2]. Most IAs remain asymptomatic throughout the patient’s life. However, rupture of the aneurysm and
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