Different Average Size Evolution of Gaseous Water Cluster in an Expanding Gas Flow
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Different Average Size Evolution of Gaseous Water Cluster in an Expanding Gas Flow Mengxiao Wang1 • A. S. Boldarev2 • Xingjia Li1 • Yunjiu Cao1 • Guanglong Chen1 Received: 13 March 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Formation of pure gaseous water cluster in the supersonic gas flow from a conical nozzle was investigated by simulation. The simulation results show that average size of water cluster indicates a different size evolution along the gas flow, i.e., the average cluster size firstly increases to a maximum size and then decreases slowly, rather than keeps increasing like other gases. By further calculations of the nucleation rate and the growth rate of water cluster, it is found that the decrease of average size results from a high nucleation rate and a low size growth rate in the downstream of gas flow far away from conical nozzle throat. Graphic Abstract Formation of pure gaseous water cluster in the supersonic gas flow from a conical nozzle was investigated by simulation. The simulation results show that average size of water cluster indicates a different size evolution along the gas flow, i.e., the average cluster size firstly increases to a maximum size and then decreases slowly, rather than keeps increasing like other gases.
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Keywords Gaseous water cluster Average cluster size Supersonic gas flow
Introduction & Guanglong Chen [email protected] 1
School of Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China
2
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia 125047
A cluster-flow target, which possesses the advantages of both solid target and gas target and exhibits a high absorption of laser pulse energy, has attracted much interest in the study of laser-matter interaction. In 1999, Ditmire et al. utilized ultra-intense fs laser pulses to
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irradiate deuterium gas (D2) clusters in a supersonic gas flow and realized the table-top D–D nuclear fusion [1]. Since then homonuclear or heteronuclear deuterium-containing clusters were selected as a target to study the neutron yield for practical applications [2]. Because neutron yield is sensitive to the deuteron energy which is related to the size of a deuterium-containing cluster, the detailed size characterization of these clusters has become important. Up to now, there have existed pieces of literature reporting the characterization of supersonic gas clusters flow like (D2)n, [3–5] (CD4)n, [3, 6] and (D2O)n [7, 8]. Meanwhile, clustering of other gases such as H2, [4, 5, 9] CH4, [10] H2O [8, 11, 12], CO2 [13–16] and rare gas Ar [8, 16–20] also has attracted researchers’ interest. Clearly knowledge of these non-deuterium-containing gas clusters is helpful for the size chara
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