Different Evolutions of the Microstructure, Texture, and Mechanical Performance During Tension and Compression of 316L S
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316L stainless steel exhibits desirable functional properties such as very good ductility, excellent corrosion resistance, low susceptibility to neutron absorption, good thermal stability, and a high biocompatibility.[1–3] Thus, 316L steel is used in many different applications, such as in nuclear power plants[4] and marine environment,[5] or for the production of orthopedic implants.[6] Martensitic phase transformation is one of the important features of metastable austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 316L, 301LN, and 304L steels),[7–11] as the face-centered cubic (fcc) c-austenite structure usually exhibits a martensitic phase transformation during plastic deformation. The type and amount of deformation-induced martensite depends on the type and degree of plastic straining, the deformation temperature, and the stacking fault energy (SFE), which is strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the steel.[11–14] In the literature, two paths were reported for martensitic transformation in steels. During the first
MOUSTAFA EL-TAHAWY is with the Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt. PE´TER } GUBICZA are with the JENEI, TAMA´S KOLONITS, and JENO Department of Materials Physics, Eo¨tvo¨s Lora´nd University, P.O.B. 32, Budapest 1518, Hungary. Contact e-mail: [email protected] GIGAP HAN, HYEJI PARK, and HEEMAN CHOE are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Kookmin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-702, Republic of Korea. Manuscript submitted December 31, 2019. Article published online May 6, 2020 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
one, the c-austenite structure transforms directly to a¢-martensite with body-centered cubic (bcc) structure[9,15,16] . The second path of martensitic transformation takes place through an intermediate phase (e-martensite) that has a hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystal structure.[7,9,16–20] It was found that e-martensite is formed during the beginning of plastic deformation and transforms to a¢-martensite with further deformation. A recently published work performed on 316L steel showed that c-austenite transformed directly to a¢-martensite during cold-rolling and tension.[15] Deformation temperature is an important factor in the martensitic transformation of steels, as it was revealed that the occurrence of martensitic transformation is more pronounced at lower deformation temperatures.[21] Martensite phase content significantly influences the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels. It was demonstrated[17,22,23] that a larger amount of a¢-martensite in steels led to a higher strain hardening, resulting in an increase in the flow stress and hardness and a reduction of the formability and ductility.[24] Previous researches on 316L and other TWIP steels postulated that the shapes of the tensile stress–strain curves were different at different testing temperatures.[9,25–30] The disparity among these curves was attributed to the different volume fractions of a¢-martensite formed during deformati
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