Digital audio watermarking using minimum-amplitude scaling on optimized DWT low-frequency coefficients
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Digital audio watermarking using minimum-amplitude scaling on optimized DWT low-frequency coefficients Chur-Jen Chen 1 & Huang-Nan Huang 1 & Shu-Yi Tu 2 & Che-Hao Lin 1 & Shuo-Tsung Chen 3 Received: 7 January 2019 / Revised: 25 March 2020 / Accepted: 22 April 2020 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract
This work presents an audio watermarking scheme using minimum-amplitude scaling on the optimized lowest-frequency coefficients in the wavelet domain. Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), bit-error-rate (BER) and Perceptual Evaluation of Audio Quality (PEAQ) are commonly utilized performance indexes in measuring the fidelity, robustness and quality of watermarking algorithms. However, there is a tradeoff relationship between audio quality and robustness. To overcome the drawback, this paper aims in proposing an optimization-based scaling scheme using optimal modification of low-frequency amplitude in the wavelet domain. A function connecting the multi-coefficients, composed of arbitrary scaling on the lowest DWT coefficients, and the group SNR of these coefficient is derived. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) theorem and minimum length play two essential roles to obtain the optimal modification of low-frequency amplitude with optimal scaling factors. Furthermore, the almost invariant feature of these optimized scaling factors hold demonstrates resistance to amplitude modification manipulation. To practically evaluate the watermarked audio quality, an objective measurement using the PEAQ is also performed as well. Experimental results confirm that the embedded audio in the proposed method has high SNR, low BER, and good PEAQ, indicating strong robustness against various attacks, such as re-sampling, amplitude modification, and mp3 compression. Keywords Audio watermarking . Wavelet . SNR . BER . Minimum-amplitude
1 Introduction An audio watermarking scheme generally fulfills three IFPI (International Federation of Phonographic Industry) requirements [19, 31]: (1) Watermarks have to be imperceptible in the embedded audio. (2) The embedding design should offer more than 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio
* Shuo-Tsung Chen [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Multimedia Tools and Applications
(SNR) and 20 bps (bits per-second) embedding capacity for watermarked audio versus original one. (3) The embedded watermark should be able to resist common attacks, such as re-sampling, filtering, amplitude modification, time-scaling manipulation, mp3 compression and so on. Most audio watermarking techniques can be classified according to the type of watermark being used or the domain in which the watermark is applied. A number of methods reported in literature involve in inserting watermarks in either time domain [1, 11, 13, 14, 20–22, 24, 27, 33] or frequency domain [2, 3, 5–9, 12, 17, 18, 26, 29–32]. The audio watermarking algorithm for copyright protection must have good imperceptibility and strong robustness in resisting most common signal processing att
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