Dimensionality of narcissism: a Bifactorial model of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory using single-stimulus respon
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Dimensionality of narcissism: a Bifactorial model of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory using single-stimulus response formats Márton Engyel 1,2 & Róbert Urbán 2 & Szabolcs Bandi 3,4 & László Nagy 3,4
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The Narcissistic Personality Inventory is a widely used measure of narcissism; however, several different conflicting factor structures have been proposed. The present study aimed to untangle those differences by offering a bifactor model of narcissism with an underlying general narcissism factor and several specific factors. Our objective was to estimate the variance explained by the general and the specific factors. Therefore, we applied a set of confirmatory factor analyses on three independent studies (N = 791; N = 319 and N = 237), and also tested the construct validity of these factors with other contemporary measures of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, big five personality traits, explicit self-esteem, gender and well-being. Our results suggest that the bifactor model with three specific factors yielded acceptable fit to our data in all of the different single-stimulus response formats and languages used in our studies and modelling three specific factors offered more insight into the adaptive and maladaptive characteristics of narcissism. The general narcissism factor alone explains only about half of the common variance, highlighting the importance of the specific factors as well. Keywords Grandiose narcissism . Confirmatory factor analysis . Construct validity . Bifactor model
Introduction Narcissism and narcissistic traits are Janus-faced qualities: on the one hand, they are associated with personal benefits to the narcissistic individual but, on the other, they may present a burden to other people, family and society (Twenge et al. 2008). Narcissism is originally a psychoanalytically-oriented construct (Ronningstan 2013); however, it has a robust impact on almost every field of psychology (Campbell and Miller Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00971-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Márton Engyel [email protected] 1
Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
2
Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
3
Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
4
Psychopathology Research Group, Faculty of Humanities, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
2012). With the development of empirically-based scientific methods and psychological measurements, the emphasis gradually transferred from clinical case studies to the trait-based, personality psychological approaches. However, several projective techniques have their own narcissism indices (Bandi et al. 2017) the most popular independent forms of the assessment of narcissism are self-report scales. Despite the common critiques related to the problem of
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