Dimensions of Entrepreneurship
The principal characteristic of entrepreneurship as a socioeconomic phenomenon is its immanent diversity, which, arguably, poses a challenge for researchers. In turn, it is crucial that policymakers recognize the internal diversity of business establishme
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3.1
Introduction
The principal characteristic of entrepreneurship as a socioeconomic phenomenon is its immanent diversity, which, arguably, poses a challenge for researchers. In turn, it is crucial that policymakers recognize the internal diversity of business establishments and their leaders, as it allows them to influence more effectively—with the use of various instruments—the pace and the directions of development within the enterprise sector. As of today, the primary criterion of enterprise sector segmentation is the scale of operations. In the EU, the division into micro, small, mediumsized and large enterprises has been formalized in a number of legislative acts serving, inter alia, as an important criterion for access to public aid. Conversely, in the implementation of industrial (sectoral) policy, the most relevant aspect is the industry in which the company operates. From the point of view of regional policy, the most relevant criteria are location and the territorial scope of activities. The above-mentioned methods of categorizing business establishments will be discussed in the following chapters. In this chapter, 24 facets or dimensions of entrepreneurship will be presented, based on the features © The Author(s) 2017 J. Cieślik, Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-41721-9_3
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Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies
that characterize particular types of business establishment, irrespective of their size or the industry to which they belong. In view of the diversity of entrepreneurship and its dimensions, a difficult choice has to be made: which particular features deserve being taken into account, and which phenomena can be discarded. Here, the primary focus was on those characteristic features that, due to economic and social reasons, require the attention—if not intervention—of public authorities. What is important in the following categorization is that it is non-exclusive, which means that certain facets may overlap with each other. A particular business venture may fall into different facets of entrepreneurship, triggering various social and economic effects, thus calling for differentiated interventions by public authorities. For example, an immigrant may find it easier to assimilate in the host country if he/she launches his/her own business. Sometimes, however, such operations may result in illegal trade between the home and the host country, or to financial flows escaping cross-border controls. On the other hand, a great number of technology start-ups in the USA are established by highly educated immigrants, mostly from Asian countries. Therefore, in the subsequent presentation of the various facets of entrepreneurship, particular attention shall be paid to multidimensional demonstrations of entrepreneurial activity. A total of 24 facets of entrepreneurship outlined in this chapter have been conventionally divided into three main groups (Fig. 3.1). The first one is the segment of small business. Until recently, it has remained relatively homogeneous—now, it is
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