Direct Realism A Study of Perception
or their surfaces can be translated without remainder into descriptions of ob jects that are neither material objects or surfaces of any material object. All of these claims have historically conspired to discredit Direct Realism. But Direct Realism can
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NIJHOFF INTERNATIONAL PHILOSOPHY SERIES VOLUME 12
Editor: JAN TJ. SRZEDNICKI Assistant Editor: LYNNE M. BROUGHTON Editorial Advisory Council: R.M. Chisholm, Brown University, Rhode Island. Mats Furberg, G6teborg University. D.A.T. Gasking, University of Melbourne. H.L.A. Hart, University College, Oxford. S. Komer, University of Bristol and Yale University. T. Kotarbinski, Warsaw. HJ. McCloskey, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne. J. Passmore, Australian National University, Canberra. C. Perelman, Free University of Brussels. A. Quinton, Trinity College, Oxford. Nathan Rotenstreich, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Franco Spisani, Centro Superiore di Logica e Scienze Comparate, Bologna. SJ. Surma, New Zealand. R. Ziedins, Waikato University, New Zealand.
The first eight volumes of this series were published under the name Melbourne International Philosophy Series. For a list of other volumes in this series see [mal page of the volume.
Communications to be addressed to the Editor, c/o Philosophy Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia.
MOLTKE S. GRAM
DIRECT REALISM A STUDY OF PERCEPTION
1983
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
a member of the KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
THE HAGUE .I BOSTON / LANCASTER
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jor the United States and Canada: Kluwer Boston, Inc., 190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, USA jor all other countries: Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Distribution Center, P .O.Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands
ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6910-0
e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-6908-7
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-6908-7
Copyright
© 1983 by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, The Hague. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1983 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, P.O. Box 566, 2501 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
To Dorothy Foreman Gram
vii
CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHICAL PREFACE I ix INTRODUCTION I xi - xv
I. CAVEATS I I I. Physicalism and Direct Realism 16 2. Adverbialism I 19 3. Acts and Objects I 26 i. The Argument from Ambiguity I 27 ii. The Argument from Introspection I 27 iii. The Argument from Process I 31 iv. The Argument from Performatives 134 v. The Argument from Intentional Non-Existence 135 4. Whither Direct Realism? I 36 II. THE SENSORY SCENE I 49 I. The Argument for Immediacy I 50 2. The Argument from Infallibility 160 3. The Argument from Conceptual Frameworks I 65 4. The Very Idea of Direct Realism 170 III. QUALITATIVE ApPEARING 177 1. The Sensum Theory I 77 2. The Compound Thing Theory I 86 3. The Multiple Inherence Theory I 91 4. The Multiple Relation Theory I 94 5. The Impasse: A Look Backward 198 6. The Multiple Relation Theory Revisited: Major Objections I 101 7. Direct Realism and the Multiple Relation Theory Reconciled 1103 IV. ILLUSION 1m I. The Received Answers: Direct Realists
