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Disability/Difference

http://www.nbif.org/outbreak/procedures/campylo.html Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). http://www.fsis.usda.gov/OA/background/bfoodnet.htm WHO (World Health Organization). Division of Diarrhoeal and Acute Respiratory Disease Control 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. http://www.who.int/chd/publications/cdd/pofact77.htm

NOTES 1. The term health problems is used here to avoid the illness and disease dichotomy. (1) Although the dichotomy is useful in some discussions, it treats the physiological experience (sickness) in a way that is not helpful in this discussion. (2) That dichotomy fails to recognize the difference between infection and disease. (3) Such a dichotomy seems to assume that a systems approach (i.e., one that incorporates the patient’s family, social, and physical environments) does not exist in biomedicine. (4) Many conditions that are neither illness nor disease are recognized health problems in ethnomedical systems (such as deformities and dysfunction). Ethnomedical systems also distinguish conditions that are health-related, but not necessarily problems, and certainly neither illness nor disease (such as menstruation). 2. This is intended neither as a representative sample nor as an exhaustive survey of the distribution of use. It is merely a demonstration of the fact that many plant genera are widely and probably independently used for the same conditions.

REFERENCES Ackers, M.-L., Quick, R. E., Drasbek, C. J., Hutwagner, L., Tauxe, R. V. (1998). Are there national risk factors for epidemic cholera? The correlation between socioeconomic and demographic indices and cholera incidence in Latin America. International Journal of Epidemiology, 27(2), 330–334. Bhan, M. K., & Bhandari, N. (1998). The role of zinc and vitamin A in persistent diarrhea among infants and young children. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 26(4), 446–453. Coriel, J., & Mull, J. D. (1988). Introduction. Anthropological studies of diarrheal disease. Social Science & Medicine, 27(1), 1–3. Green, E. C. (1999). Indigenous theories of contagious disease. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. Hogel, J., Lwanga, J., Ksiamba-Mugerwa, C., & Musonge, S. L. (1991). Indigenous knowledge and management of childhood diarrhoeal diseases. Arlington, VA: Management Sciences for Health (PRITECH Project). Mead, P. S., Slutsker, L., Dietz, V. et al. (1999). Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 5, 607–625. Weiss, M. (1988). Cutural models of diarrhea illness: Conceptual framework and review. Social Science & Medicine, 27, 5–16.

Disability/Difference Russell P. Shuttleworth

INTRODUCTION This entry has three primary aims: (1) to provide a brief overview of the kinds of bodily and behavioral differences perceived as anomalous in a range of societies and the various social responses to these differences; (2) to review and critique research and theory in the anthropology of impairment–disability; and (3) to suggest several conceptual advancements that w