Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment
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REVIEW
Dismantling Mindfulness-Based Programs: a Systematic Review to Identify Active Components of Treatment Elena Stein 1,2
&
Katie Witkiewitz 1,2
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Objectives Elucidating the active ingredients of psychological treatments is an important step in the scientific validation of these interventions. Component studies are one way to test which aspects of psychological treatments impact outcomes or, in other words, are the active ingredients of treatment. As research and popular interest in mindfulness-based programs grows, it is important to evaluate the active ingredients of these programs and to continually refine theorized models of the mechanisms of mindfulness. Studying active ingredients may help clarify which elements of mindfulness-based programs are most important for dissemination. Methods We conducted a systematic review of component studies of mindfulness-based programs for adults with psychological conditions. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Results Eight component studies were identified. These studies dismantled mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulnessbased cognitive therapy, unified mindfulness, and core mindfulness processes. The eight studies differed with respect to types of programs and populations studied, yet similarities emerged. Notably, acceptance coupled with awareness and mindfulness meditation training may be two promising active ingredients of these different programs. Conclusions Future studies examining mindfulness-based programs should continue to attempt to dismantle active ingredients of treatment and use the findings to update theoretical models of mindfulness. Keywords Systematic review . Mindfulness-based programs . Mindfulness-based interventions . Dismantling . Component study . Active ingredients
One of the main tenets of psychological clinical science is that psychological services must be delivered only when their benefits are stated clearly and, crucially, scientifically validated (McFall 2000). Much of the debate in the field of psychotherapy research since the rise in prominence of clinical science has focused on explaining how psychological treatments produce their effects: to what extent treatments are active due to their specific factors (e.g., specific procedures of a treatment protocol) or common factors (e.g., working alliance) (Mulder et al. 2017). That is, scientifically validating psychological
* Elena Stein [email protected] 1
Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, MSC 03-2220, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
2
Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions, University of New Mexico, 2650 Yale Blvd SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA
treatments involves examining both which treatments work and how they work. To answer the question of how psychological treatments work, one must first define several terms that are a part of the causal chain explaining how elements of evidence-based treatments produce their effects. Psychological treatments ty
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