Disparities in Cardiovascular Care and Outcomes for Women From Racial/Ethnic Minority Backgrounds
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Women’s Health (A Sarma, Section Editor)
Disparities in Cardiovascular Care and Outcomes for Women From Racial/Ethnic Minority Backgrounds Sujana Balla, MBBS1,2 Sofia Elena Gomez, MD3 Fatima Rodriguez, MD, MPH2,* Address 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco-Fresno, 155 N Fresno St, Fresno, CA, 93701, USA *,2 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, 870 Quarry Road, Falk CVRC, Stanford, CA, 94305-5406, USA Email: [email protected] 3 Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
Published online: 17 November 2020 * Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Sujana Balla and Sofia Elena Gomez contributed equally to this work. Sujana Balla and Sofia Elena Gomez are co-first authors. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Women’s Health Keywords Gender I Racial/ethnic disparities I Cardiovascular care and outcomes
Abstract Purpose of review Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in cardiovascular care are welldocumented. This review aims to highlight the disparities and impact on a group particularly vulnerable to disparities, women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. Recent findings Women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds remain underrepresented in major cardiovascular trials, limiting the generalizability of cardiovascular research to this population. Certain cardiovascular risk factors are more prevalent in women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds, including traditional risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and diabetes. Female-specific risk factors including gestational diabetes and preeclampsia as well as non-traditional psychosocial risk factors like depressive and anxiety disorders, increased child care, and familial and home care responsibility have been shown to increase risk for cardiovascular disease events in women more so than in men, and disproportionately affect women from racial/ethnic minority backgrounds. Despite this, minimal interventions to address differential risk have been proposed. Furthermore, disparities in treatment and outcomes that disadvantage minority women
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persist. The limited improvement in outcomes over time, especially among non-Hispanic Black women, is an area that requires further research and active interventions. Summary Understanding the lack of representation in cardiovascular trials, differential cardiovascular risk, and disparities in treatment and outcomes among women from racial/ ethnic minority backgrounds highlights opportunities for improving cardiovascular care among this particularly vulnerable population.
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of death among both genders [1], but there are unique pathophysiological and clinical features of CVD in women [2, 3]. In the United States of America (USA), gender disparities in CVD are long-standing and persistent in time to diagnosis [4, 5], guid
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