Dissolution behavior of metal oxide nanomaterials in cell culture medium versus distilled water
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RESEARCH PAPER
Dissolution behavior of metal oxide nanomaterials in cell culture medium versus distilled water Mary-Luyza Avramescu & Marc Chénier & Srijanani Palaniyandi & Pat E. Rasmussen
Received: 30 June 2020 / Accepted: 7 July 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Solubility is a key criterion used in the hazard assessment of metal oxide–engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). The present study investigated solubility of CuO, NiO, and TiO2 ENMs compared with their bulk analogues in two aqueous media: water and Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM). Particle size distributions were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and tunable resistive pulse sensing (TRPS). After centrifugal separation, the dissolved metal fraction was quantified using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Overall, solubility of the metal oxides decreased in the order CuO ≥ NiO > TiO2 in both media, with each ENM displaying higher solubility than its bulk analogue. However, the metal oxide ENMs responded differently to the two aqueous media, when comparing their solubility using a low initial concentration (10 mg/L) versus a high initial concentration (100 mg/L). In DMEM, both nano-CuO and nano-NiO displayed increased solubility at the higher initial concentration by 3.8-fold and 1.4-fold,
respectively. In water, this trend was reversed, with both nano-CuO and nano-NiO displaying increased solubility at the lower initial concentration by 3.3-fold and 1.2fold, respectively. Interestingly, solubility trends displayed by nano-TiO2 were the opposite of those displayed by nano-CuO and nano-NiO. In DMEM, nano-TiO2 displayed decreased solubility at the higher initial concentration (0.3-fold), whereas in water, nanoTiO2 displayed increased solubility at the higher initial concentration (5.5-fold). These results show the importance of evaluating the solubility of ENMs in biologically relevant fluids at concentrations that correspond to toxicity assays, for the purposes of read-across and grouping ENMs. Keywords Nanoparticles . Titanium dioxide . Anatase . Rutile . Copper oxide . Nickel oxide . Nanotoxicology . Cell culture medium . Environmental and Health Issues
Introduction Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-020-04949-w) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. M. 70%), moderate (10–70%), low (1–10%), and negligible (< 1%) solubility. Studies have shown that inhalation of metal oxide ENMs can lead to lung inflammation, the severity of which is property-specific (Nel et al. 2006; Duffin et al. 2007; Monteiller et al. 2007; Rahman et al. (2017) in the case of TiO2 ENMs. Knowledge of their dissolution behavior is critical to establish the true biological effect of metal oxide ENMs because adverse effects have been attributed not only to the nanoparticles (NPs) themselves but also to the metal released to the surrounding aqueous media (Alkilany et al. 2016; Arts et al. 2015a; Cho et al. 2011; Cho et al. 2012; Kol
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