Distributed intelligence and the equivalence of matter and information
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Distributed intelligence and the equivalence of matter and information Esteban Rougier1
· Antonio Munjiza2 · Jasna Munjiza3
Received: 13 January 2020 / Revised: 29 April 2020 / Accepted: 15 May 2020 © OWZ 2020
Abstract In this paper, it is argued that science of discontinua represents a major paradigm shift in how scientific research is done. First, a historical perspective is given, followed by key aspects of discontinuum simulations and its potential in aiding research and development. This is followed by a philosophical perspective on equivalence of matter and information as inspired by Aristotle’s quest for souls in living things such as cells. Finally, the universality of the discontinuum approach is explored with its consequences for computing and artificial intelligence.
1 Aristotle’s concept of matter and form Aristotle was a disciple of Plato. As a tutor of Alexander the Great, Aristotle’s ideas [1, 2] were at the heart of the Greek Empire, which at his time dominated the world. By the twelfth century, through Arabic and Byzantine Empires, writings of Aristotle reached the West, where they played a pivotal role in the development of modern natural sciences and philosophy; Aristotle provided a synthesis of intellectual thought, lexicon, and inquiry methods, which the modern scientific age inherited. One could argue that the knowledge Aristotle committed to papyrus has subsequently been mostly proven to be incorrect. Nevertheless, Aristotle provided the buds from which more accurate knowledge was able to grow, very often through refutation of Aristotle’s many errors. One of the most famous refutation of one of Aristotle’s errors was the experiment in which Galileo proved that more massive bodies do not fall faster. By doing this, Galileo has in fact continued the School of Aristotle in which one theory is replaced with a more general theory. Aristotle was well familiar with this refinement process. For instance, he abolished Plato’s world of forms where all universal forms subsist. Aristotle argued that there are no
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Esteban Rougier [email protected]
1
Geophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
2
FGAG, University of Split, Split, Croatia
3
Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
universal forms that are not attached to existing things; thus the form of apple exists within each and every apple. For Aristotle, all things are composites of form and matter. The form of a living being, Aristotle calls soul. The form of living beings endows them with for instance the ability to initiate growth.
2 Theory of discontinuum Science and technology of the twenty-first century is the result of an exponential development process that can be traced back to at least 5000 years. In this more or less continuous evolution of ideas, theories and knowledge, there were some key milestones without which the modern science would not have been possible.
2.1 The algebra One of the key milestones was the ability to handle numbers. For instance, 123 when read from right to left
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