Distribution and quantification of Pb in an evergreen broadleaved forest in three hydrological years
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Distribution and quantification of Pb in an evergreen broadleaved forest in three hydrological years Panagiotis Michopoulos1 • Athanassios Bourletsikas1 • Kostas Kaoukis1 • Marios Kostakis2 • Nikolaos S. Thomaidis2 • Ioannis I. Passias2 • Helen Kaberi3 Stelios Iliakis3
•
Received: 5 November 2018 / Accepted: 3 January 2019 Northeast Forestry University 2019
Abstract The distribution, quantification and fluxes of Pb were examined in an evergreen broadleaved forest in western Greece for three hydrological years. More specifically, concentrations and annual fluxes of Pb were determined in bulk and throughfall deposition as well as litterfall. The Pb concentrations were also measured in forest floor and mineral soil up to 80 cm and the isotopic ratios of 206Pb/207Pb were determined in soil layers and the parent rock material. High variability in the fluxes of the metal among the three hydrological years were found, evidence of the variability of Pb deposition in time. Litterfall fractions with a large surface area, like holm oak flowers, had high Pb concentrations. Applying a steady state model and considering the Pb amounts in throughfall and litterfall as inputs on the forest floor, the mean residence time of Pb in the forest floor was 94 years with a
coefficient of variation equal to 41%. More observations are needed to lower the variability of the mean residence time. The isotopic ratio in the rock material was defined as the lithogenic ratio. The statistical tests showed that the petrol derived Pb migrated to the depth of 20 cm and its percentages in the soil pedon was in the range of 62% in the L horizon to 11% in the 10–20 cm layer. In higher depths ([ 40 cm) preindustrial anthropogenic Pb affected the isotopic ratio. As the forest under consideration is remote from industrial activities, the results can serve as a baseline for future studies on Pb distribution and quantification. Keywords Evergreen broadleaved forest Lead Throughfall Litterfall Forest floor Soil Isotopic ratios
Introduction Project funding: This work was financially supported by the Programme of ‘‘Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants on Forest Ecosystems’’ from the Ministry of Agriculture and Food, the Ministry of Environment and the European Commission. The online version is available at http://www.springerlink.com Corresponding editor: Yu Lei. & Panagiotis Michopoulos [email protected] 1
H.A.O. DEMETER-Institute of Mediterranean Forest Ecosystems, Terma Alkmanos, 115 28 Athens, Greece
2
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 157 71 Athens, Greece
3
Institute of Oceanography, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 46.7 km Athinon-Souniou Ave, 19013 Anavyssos, Greece
Despite the phasing out of leaded petrol, anthropogenic lead (Pb) still dominates this metal input on earth surfaces although an appreciable decrease in atmospheric deposition has been observed (Michelutti et al. 2009). Due to the long distance atmospheric transport, Pb from various
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