Diversity of Wolbachia in Natural Populations of Spider Mites (genus Tetranychus ): Evidence for Complex Infection Histo
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INVERTEBRATE MICROBIOLOGY
Diversity of Wolbachia in Natural Populations of Spider Mites (genus Tetranychus): Evidence for Complex Infection History and Disequilibrium Distribution Yan-Kai Zhang & Kai-Jun Zhang & Jing-Tao Sun & Xian-Ming Yang & Cheng Ge & Xiao-Yue Hong
Received: 8 November 2012 / Accepted: 8 February 2013 / Published online: 21 February 2013 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013
Abstract Wolbachia are endosymbiotic bacteria that commonly infect arthropods and cause reproductive disorders in host. Within several Tetranychus species, Wolbachia have been detected and shown to affect their reproduction. However, little is known about their transmission and distribution patterns in natural populations of Tetranychus species. Here, we used multilocus sequence typing to confirm Wolbachia infection status and examined the relationship between Wolbachia infection status and host phylogeny, mitochondrial diversity, and geographical range in five Tetranychus species (Tetranychus truncatus, Tetranychus urticae, Tetranychus pueraricola, Tetranychus phaselus, and Tetranychus kanzawai) from 21 populations in China. The prevalence of Wolbachia within the five Tetranychus species ranged from 31.4 to 100 %, and the strains were remarkably diverse. Together, these observations indicate that Wolbachia was introduced to these populations on multiple separate occasions. As in other arthropods, the same Tetranychus species can accommodate very different strains, and identical Wolbachia occasionally infect different species. These observations suggest that Wolbachia are transmitted both vertically and horizontally. Horizontally, transmission is probably mediated by the host plants. The distribution patterns of Wolbachia were quite different among populations of the same species, suggesting that the dynamics of Wolbachia in nature may be affected by ecological and other factors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00248-013-0198-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Y.-K. Zhang : K.-J. Zhang : J.-T. Sun : X.-M. Yang : C. Ge : X.-Y. Hong (*) Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China e-mail: [email protected]
Introduction Wolbachia are intracellular bacteria that are found in a wide range of insects, spiders, mites, crustaceans, and filarial nematodes [1–3]. In most arthropod species that have been examined in detail, Wolbachia are transmitted predominantly through the female cytoplasm. Therefore, many strains are able to enhance their own spread within host populations by a variety of mechanisms including cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), thelytokous parthenogenesis, feminization of genetic males, and male killing [4–8]. However, several independent lines of evidence clearly show that Wolbachia are also horizontally transmitted both within and among different host species [9–12]. Previous studies have identified three factors that appear to facilitate horizontal transmission of Wol
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