Do direct-access and indirect-access adaptation projects differ in their focus on local communities? A systematic analys
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Do direct-access and indirect-access adaptation projects differ in their focus on local communities? A systematic analysis of 63 Adaptation Fund projects Ornsaran Pomme Manuamorn 1,2
&
Robbert Biesbroek 1
Received: 31 July 2019 / Accepted: 22 October 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Recent literature suggests that direct national access to multilateral climate funds could promote climate change adaptation investment that focuses more on the needs of vulnerable local communities when compared to indirect access through multilateral agencies. However, there has been no systematic comparative assessment of the level of community focus of direct-access and indirect-access projects. The lack of a standardized methodology to assess the level of community-focused adaptation has also constrained such comparison. To address this gap, this paper proposes a new framework to assess the level of community focus in adaptation projects, using a combination of financial, participatory, devolutionary, and design for policy adoption and replicability criteria. Using the Adaptation Fund (AF) as a case study, we apply the framework to systematically assess 63 projects approved by the Fund as of May 2017, comprising 22 direct-access and 41 indirect-access projects. We find that directaccess projects are more community-focused than indirect-access projects because they exhibit higher community-oriented financial, participatory, and devolutionary characteristics. We find no difference between the direct-access and indirect-access projects with regard to how they are designed to promote policy adoption and replicability of AF project-financed adaptation actions through policy and geographical mainstreaming. Our findings contribute to an improved understanding of the pattern of adaptation investment that takes place in developing countries with the support of international adaptation finance under both access modalities. The proposed assessment framework could also inform the development of a standardized methodology to track the delivery of international adaptation finance to the community level. Keywords Climate change adaptation . Climate finance . Participation . Devolution . Community . Adaptation Fund
Introduction The Adaptation Fund (AF) is recognized for pioneering the direct access modality, which allows national institutions in Communicated by Chandni Singh Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-02001716-4. * Ornsaran Pomme Manuamorn [email protected] 1
Public Administration and Policy Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
2
Maastricht Graduate School of Governance (MGSoG), UNU MERIT, Maastricht University, Boschstraat 24, 6211 AX Maastricht, The Netherlands
developing countries to access international adaptation finance directly without using international intermediaries such as multilateral development banks (Adaptation Fund 2012; Schäfer et al. 2014). Direct acc
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