Do natural resources heal the environment? Empirical evidence from Turkey
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Do natural resources heal the environment? Empirical evidence from Turkey Umut Uzar 1
&
Kemal Eyuboglu 2
Received: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 August 2020 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The increase in environmental degradation has rapidly enhanced the interest in the main determinants of CO2 emissions. Although many attempts have been exerted to discover the determinants of CO2 emissions, the impact of natural resources (NAT), which have significant environmental impacts on CO2 emissions, has been considerably neglected. To fulfill this gap in the literature, the study analyzes the impact of NAT on CO2 emissions covering the period 1975–2017 in Turkey. In addition, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, trade openness, and energy consumption are added in the model as explanatory variables. Findings from ARDL, FMOLS, and DOLS estimators indicate that the abundance of NAT is an important catalyst in reducing CO2 emissions. The results denote that the EKC is valid in Turkey. Furthermore, although the total energy consumption enhances CO2 emission, renewable energy reduces it. Thus, the increased use of NAT is important to improve the environmental quality in Turkey. Keywords CO2 emissions . Natural resources . Energy consumption . Turkey . ARDL method . VECM causality
Introduction Environmental problems, such as climate change and global warming, have become several of the most crucial discussions at the global level and have started to pose a serious obstacle to sustainable development (Danish et al. 2019). The increase in carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) is one of the most important factors behind such serious environmental problems. Growing population (POP), the rapid enhance in economic activities, and widespread consumption of fossil fuels raise the CO2 and pose a serious threat to human existence by increasing the earth’s temperature. Despite the global consensus concerning their reduction, the amount of CO2 is gradually increasing. According to the BP (2020), the global CO2 level was
* Umut Uzar [email protected] Kemal Eyuboglu [email protected] 1
The Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey
2
The Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Finance and Banking, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey
11,193.8 million tons (mt) in 1965, and it increased by threefold in 2019 (34,169.0 mt). Reducing CO2 and increasing the environmental quality are strategic for sustainable development and building a harmonious society. Within the framework of this important strategy, determining the main determinants of CO2 is important to increase the environmental quality. Therefore, research attempts to explore the key determinants of environmental degradation, particularly CO2, have increased rapidly in recent years. In early studies, environmental degradation and CO2 were often associated with economic growth (gross domestic product (GDP)) and energy consumption (ENE) (Balsalobre-Lorente et al. 2018). Models that explain CO2 ove
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