Do situational or cognitive factors contribute more to risky driving? A simulated driving study
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Do situational or cognitive factors contribute more to risky driving? A simulated driving study Zhi Zhang1 · Yingshi Guo1 · Rui Fu1 · Wei Yuan1 · Guosong Yang1 Received: 5 July 2019 / Accepted: 3 April 2020 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Previous research has identified cognitive and situational factors as causes of risky driving; however, little is known about what roles cognitive and situational factors have on a specific risky driving behavior. In this study, two simulated drives were conducted to examine the impact of cognitive factors, reflected as working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity, and situational factor, reflected as time pressure, on several risky driving measures. These measures included the percentage of the distance traveled while speeding, the standard deviation of the lateral lane position on curves, safety scores, and accident frequency. Fifty-one participants were recruited by means of monetary rewards. Similar to the results from previous studies, working memory capacity, response inhibition, and time pressure were found to be significantly correlated with risky driving behaviors. Further investigation showed that (1) time pressure, as a situational factor, contributed more to speeding; (2) response inhibition, as a cognitive factor, contributed more to lane-keeping precision; (3) cognitive factors (working memory capacity and response inhibition capacity) and situational factor had almost equal effects on responses to critical events. The results also indicated no significant interaction between cognitive and situational factors on risky driving behaviors. Our findings conclude that the mechanisms behind risky driving behaviors differ, and these results have possible implications for traffic safety interventions. Keywords Cognitive control · Time pressure · Risky driving · Human factors · Working memory · Response inhibition
1 Introduction Vehicle crashes result in a large number of injuries and fatalities for young people aged 15–29 globally every year (World Health Organization 2018). Young drivers are consistently over-involved in traffic accidents, and one of the major causes of these accidents is recognized as risky driving. The condition of time-pressured driving
* Zhi Zhang [email protected] Yingshi Guo [email protected] Rui Fu [email protected] Wei Yuan [email protected] Guosong Yang [email protected] 1
School of Automobile, Chang’an University, Xi’an, China
is also strongly linked to risky driving behaviors (Ivers et al. 2009). Time-pressured driving, or hurried driving, can be identified as a driving situation in which a discrepancy exists between what drivers want to do or feel that they should do and what can realistically be performed before the temporal deadline (Coeugnet et al. 2013). Timepressured driving contributes to traffic violations, such as speeding and the running of red lights. Time pressure influences decision making, especially in complex and dynamic environments (Belling et al. 2015
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