Does entrepreneurship fit her? Women entrepreneurs, gender-role orientation, and entrepreneurial culture
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Does entrepreneurship fit her? Women entrepreneurs, gender-role orientation, and entrepreneurial culture Francisco Liñán Domingo Martín
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Inmaculada Jaén
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Accepted: 30 September 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract The present research analyzes the way in which gender-role orientation (GRO) and perceived entrepreneurial culture affect the advancement of women through the different stages in the entrepreneurial process. To do so, a sample of 1195 Spanish women is studied using Bem’s Sex Role Inventory to identify their GRO and a perceived regional culture (PRC) scale. The results confirm that women with a masculine or androgynous orientation are more likely to develop entrepreneurial careers. Besides, for masculine GRO women, the perception of a supportive entrepreneurial culture in their region fosters their advancement in entrepreneurship. In contrast, the effect of perceived culture is negative for women with an androgynous GRO. These results contribute to advance knowledge on the entrepreneurial process for women. Based on our results, the debate about women entrepreneurship should be expanded to fully acknowledge the relevance of GRO. F. Liñán : I. Jaén : D. Martín Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
I. Jaén e-mail: [email protected] D. Martín e-mail: [email protected] F. Liñán (*) Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected]
Keywords Women entrepreneurship . Gender-role orientation . Perceived regional culture . Masculinity . Femininity . Androgyny JEL classifications J16 . L26 . D91
1 Introduction “Context is important for understanding when, how, and why entrepreneurship happens and who becomes involved” (Welter 2011, p. 166). Context is a very wide concept and may encompass several levels and layers (Whetten 2009). In this sense, the institutional context includes economic, political, and cultural aspects (Shane 2003). In particular, culture has received considerable attention as very relevant in influencing entrepreneurship (Krueger et al. 2013). Culture has been found to affect both the formation of entrepreneurial intentions (Shinnar et al. 2012) and the emergence of entrepreneurial behavior (Hayton et al. 2002; Hayton and Cacciotti 2013; Thornton et al. 2011). It may influence the way entrepreneurs behave and the overall level and nature of entrepreneurial activity (Welter and Smallbone 2011). This effect takes place through its influence on actual rules and regulations, on social norms of behavior, and on the shared interpretation of reality (Scott 1995, 2010). A culture may be more or less supportive of entrepreneurship and the entrepreneurial activity (Kibler et al. 2014). An entrepreneurially supportive culture is one in which the entrepreneurial activity is considered as
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legitimate and desirable. Thus, it will lead to more individuals being involved in the entrepreneurial activity (Mueller and Thomas 2001). However, this positive effect of culture will not be equally strong on all members of society. A considerable amount o
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