Does having one or more smoking friends mediate the transition from e-cigarette use to cigarette smoking: a longitudinal
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Does having one or more smoking friends mediate the transition from e‑cigarette use to cigarette smoking: a longitudinal study of Canadian youth Sarah Aleyan1,2 · Mark A. Ferro1 · Sara C. Hitchman2 · Scott T. Leatherdale1 Received: 1 June 2020 / Accepted: 14 October 2020 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose Studies have shown consistent associations between youth e-cigarette use and subsequent smoking uptake. However, it remains unclear why, as limited evidence exists regarding the mechanisms underlying these associations. Our study investigated whether having one or more smoking friends mediated the association between e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset among a longitudinal sample of Canadian youth who were never smokers at baseline. Methods A longitudinal sample of youth that participated in three waves of the COMPASS study (2015–2016 to 2017–2018) was identified (N = 5,535). The product of coefficients method was used to assess whether having one or more smoking friends mediated the association between: (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset and (2) past 30-day e-cigarette use and subsequent dual use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes. Results Having one or more smoking friends did not mediate the association between (1) past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking onset (β = 0.38, 95% CI − 0.12, 0.89) or (2) past 30-day e-cigarette use and subsequent dual use (β = 0.46, 95% CI − 0.16, 1.07). Post hoc tests indicated that smoking friends significantly predicted past 30-day e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking at wave 3 (aOR 1.68 and 2.29, respectively). Conclusion Having smoking friends did not explain the association between e-cigarette use and smoking uptake despite being a common risk factor for both e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. Prevention efforts should consider how best to incorporate effective programming to address these social influences. Keywords Youth · e-cigarettes · Smoking · Longitudinal study · Mediation
Introduction Tobacco smoking is a major preventable cause of many chronic conditions, including several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory illnesses [1]. Despite Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-020-01358-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Sarah Aleyan [email protected] 1
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
Department of Addictions, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
2
steady declines in cigarette smoking observed in Canada, the tobacco and nicotine product market has been evolving, with an increase in the number and use of alternative products [2]. Specifically, the emergence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has proliferated among youth, internationally and within Canada [3–6]. National data indicate that among Canadian stude
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