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DA ▶Dopamine (DA)

daf

Data Availability Definition Data availability is a prerequisite to inform and to treat patients as well as to counsel carriers of minor or major predispositions for lifestyle, genetic or environmental health risk; data availability should be dealt with within the wider framework of legal and moral rights to privacy and data protection. ▶Ethical Issues in Medical Genetics

Definition daf stands for dauer formation defective mutant of C. elegans that inappropriately regulates entry into the dauer diapause, a long lived alternate third larval stage. ▶C. Elegans as a Model Organism for Functional Genomics

Data Normalisation Definition

Dalton Definition In molecular biology and biochemistry the term dalton, denoted Da, is used for the unified atomic mass unit (amu). The unit honours the English chemist John Dalton (1766–1844), who proposed the atomic theory of matter in 1803. ▶Mass Spectrometry: MALDI

During analysis of microarrays, data normalisation is a data transformation during which a set of spot quantitation matrices is transformed into a gene expression data matrix, by removing systematic noise, scaling and other nontrivial data processing steps. ▶Microarray Data Analysis

Data-Mining in Biology, “How to Find a Needle in a Haystack?” K ARYN M E´ GY

Dapper (Dpr)/Frodo

Sygen International plc, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK [email protected]

Definition Dapper (Dpr)/Frodo describes a family of vertebrate proteins that bind and modify ▶Dishevelled (Dvl) activity. ▶Wnt/Beta-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Definition The recent increase in the amount of biological data raises the questions of storage and accessing, modelling and computing, description and understanding of these

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Data-Mining in Biology, “How to Find a Needle in a Haystack?”

data … and makes data mining indispensable. Fortunately, in the same period, new and cheaper computers with a larger storage capacity and faster processing have been produced, enabling storage and computing of this information (= cheap data). New machine learning methods based on logic programming have been developed. Associated with the traditional statistical tools, they have made the modelling and analysis of these data possible and easier. Storage in databases allows the linkage of this information and assignation of functions. Here we have reached an apparently illogical point; we have first produced and collected more and more data, and now we try to find a use for them, a question which they could answer, whereas the classical scientific approach is first to have a question and then to collect data to try to answer it. In fact, the amount of data may be voluminous, but it is of low value, as no direct use can be made of it. It is the information hidden in this large volume of raw data that is useful. The idea is that it is possible to strike gold in unexpected places by extracting information not obviously discernable (or so obvious that no-one noticed it before!). Data mining is the process of automatically extr