Dopamine in the Immune System: Dopamine Receptors in Immune Cells, Potent Effects, Endogenous Production and Involvement
Dopamine is undoubtedly produced in many, if not all, types of immune cells, and under certain conditions can be released to the extracellular milieu by these cells, resulting in autocrine and paracrine effects. The multiple evidences supporting these con
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Dopamine in the Immune System: Dopamine Receptors in Immune Cells, Potent Effects, Endogenous Production and Involvement in Immune and Neuropsychiatric Diseases Mia Levite Contents 1.1 General Introduction: Dopamine and Its Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.1 Nobel Prize for Medicine in 2000 for Discovering Dopamine as an Independent Neurotransmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.2 Dopamine Structure and Biosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.3 Where Is Dopamine Produced, and Where Can Immune Cells ‘Meet’ Dopamine? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.4 Dopamine Receptors: Subtypes, Expression and Function Within and Out of the CNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1.5 Abnormalities in Dopamine and/or Its Receptors in the CNS in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Dopamine Receptors Are Expressed in Most/All Immune Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.1 Opening Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.2 Dopamine Receptors in Heterogeneous Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes (PBL’s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.3 Dopamine Receptors in Human T Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.4 Dopamine Receptors in Human B Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.5 Dopamine Receptors in Human Dendritic Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.6 Dopamine Receptors in Human Macrophages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.7 Dopamine Receptors in Human Microglia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2.8 Dopamine Receptors in Other Human Immune Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 The Direct Effects of Dopamine on Immune Cells: Dopamine Usually Activates Naı¨ve/Resting Immune Cells, but Inhibits Activated Immune Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3.1 It’s a Matter of Context: Dopamine’s Concentration, the Dopamine Receptor Subtype/s Being Activated, the Activation State of the Immune Cell and the Specific Immune Cell Subtype, Will All Determine Whether Dopamine Will Activate or Rather Suppress Some of the Immune Responses of This Cell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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