Drivers of primate richness and occurrence in a naturally patchy landscape in the Brazilian Amazon
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Drivers of primate richness and occurrence in a naturally patchy landscape in the Brazilian Amazon Bayron R. Calle-Rendo´n1,2 Renato R. Hila´rio1,2,4
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Jose Julio de Toledo1,2
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Karen Mustin3
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Received: 25 September 2019 / Revised: 26 March 2020 / Accepted: 30 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract We assessed the spatial extent at which the species-landscape relationship is strongest (i.e. the scale of effect—SE) on primate occurrence (Alouatta belzebul, Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, and Sapajus apella and Cebus olivaceus, the last two considered together in the analysis) and species richness and evaluated which landscape, patch, and human variables influence primate distribution in a savanna ecosystem in Brazil. We used nested buffers to measure the landscape attributes, and used these data to assess the SE of the specieslandscape relationships. We explored the relative contributions of landscape, patch, and human variables to species richness and occurrences by using Generalized Linear Mixed Models and logistic regression. We found that the SE did not differ between primates, but did between two regions with different matrix composition. At the landscape level, occurrence of all species was higher as the distance to the nearest block of continuous forest decreased, but was lower as the amount of water bodies and anthropogenic cover in the matrix increased. The occurrence of S. apella, C. olivaceus and A. belzebul was positively related to forest cover, and all species but A. belzebul had higher occurrence in taller forest. The occurrence of S. apella, C. olivaceus and A. belzebul decreased closer to the city, and S. apella and C. olivaceus presence increased with the number of residents. Richness was negatively related to the number of residents and anthropogenic cover, but positively to forest height. We concluded that conservation planning for primates should follow a ‘‘functional landscape’’ perspective, by maintaining higher forest cover and minimizing the anthropogenic alterations in the matrix. Keywords Amapa´ Habitat amount Human-modified landscape Primate conservation Savanna Scale of effect
Communicated by Stephen Garnett. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-02002028-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. & Bayron R. Calle-Rendo´n [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
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Biodiversity and Conservation
Introduction Forest loss and the area occupied by human-modified landscapes are increasing rapidly around the world due to deforestation, wildfire, forestry and agriculture (Melo et al. 2013; Curtis et al. 2018). This has resulted in increasingly fragmented landscapes, where forest remnants are reduced and disconnected (Arroyo-Rodrı´guez and Fahrig 2014), being surrounded by matrices of non-natural landscape components, such as agricultural fields, roads and hu
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