Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to
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Hirotaka Mizuno and Yasuyuki Kihara
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs H. Mizuno ONO Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Osaka, Japan Y. Kihara (*) Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected]
from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases. Keywords
Lipid mediators · Bioactive lipids · Drug discovery · Mechanism of action
10.1 Introduction G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest membrane receptor family in the human genome. Nearly 800 GPCRs have been identified in humans [1], about half of which are olfactory receptors [2], and the other half are classified into
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Y. Kihara (ed.), Druggable Lipid Signaling Pathways, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1274, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10
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Fig. 10.1 A GPCR pyrogenetic tree
four major families including the Rhodopsin family (Class A), the Secretin and Adhesion family (Class B), the Glutamate family (Class C), and the Frizzled family (Class F) (Fig. 10.1). A list of GPCRs that includes their classification, structures, ligands, and other features is available in the Guide to Pharmacology, International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology/ British Pharmacological Society (IUPHAR/BPS) [1, 3] and the GPCR database (GPCRdb) [
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