Dynamic Recrystallization and Precipitation in 13Cr Super-Martensitic Stainless Steels
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RTENSITIC stainless steels are widely used when corrosion resistance along with high strength is needed in the component.[1] Hot forging and hot rolling are the two most important forming steps for the primary process of these alloys. Softening mechanisms such as dynamic and static recrystallization (DRX and SRX) play an important role in this context and significantly influence the evolution of the microstructure. The contributions of DRX and SRX to the grain refinement, reduction of the strain energy, and limiting flow instability have been the subject of many investigations in recent years.[2–5] The kinetics and extent of recrystallization in an alloy strongly depend on its chemical composition and the selection of processing parameters. In materials susceptible to the precipitation of a second phase, interaction
GHOLAM REZA EBRAHIMI, Association Professor, is with the Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran. Contact e-mails: [email protected]; [email protected] AMIR MOMENI, Assistant Professor, is with the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran. MOHAMMAD JAHAZI, and PHILIPPE BOCHER, Professors, are with the De´partement de ge´nie me´canique, E´cole de Technologie Supe´rieure, Montreal, QC, Canada. Manuscript submitted April 5, 2013. METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
between precipitation and recrystallization commonly takes place. These interactions are due to the fact that precipitation and recrystallization naturally compete for consuming the stored energy of deformation. The interaction between strain-induced precipitation (SIP) and SRX, and the interactions between dynamic precipitation (DP) and DRX on microalloyed steels have been studied extensively.[6–17] Specifically, Jahazi et al.[6] studied the interactions between strain-induced Nb(CN) precipitation and recrystallization (DRX and SRX) in boroncontaining HSLA steel and quantified the influence of boron on these kinetics. Abad et al.[10] studied such interactions during hot rolling of medium carbon low alloy steels. Also, several workers have reported that in microalloyed steels, strain-induced Nb(CN) precipitation forms at the grain boundaries and within the grains, resulting in the significant broadening of the no recrystallization region of austenite.[15–18] The pinning effect of precipitation on high-angle boundaries (HAGBs) was investigated and modeled in recent years by Xu and Nagarajan who modeled the precipitation of secondphase particles and their pinning influence on HAGBs.[12,13] It is well known that the force exerted by precipitates on HAGBs can effectively pin the moving boundaries, thereby delaying the recrystallization process.[14] As the interaction between precipitation and recrystallization may be either appropriate or detrimental depending on the processing route, having an in-depth knowledge of the occurrence of SIP or DP in an alloy is an
Table I.
403Nb 403
Chemical Composition of the
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