E-Science
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Early Warning Hotspot Detection, Prioritization, and Security
Electronic Atlases Web Mapping and Web Cartography
Earth Observation Evolution of Earth Observation
Electronic Identification Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Earth Observation Standards
Elevation Reference Surface (Datum)
Standards, Critical Evaluation of Remote Sensing
Photogrammetric Products
Ecological Planning and Modeling Embodiment, Individualization
Environmental Planning and Simulation Tools
Geospatial Semantic Web: Personalisation
Edge Routing Problems Graph Theory, Konigsberg Problem
Egenhofer Operators Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model
(DE-9IM)
Egg-Yolk Calculus Representing Regions with Indeterminate Boundaries
Emergency Evacuation, Dynamic Transportation Models Y I -C HANG C HIU 1 , H ENRY X. L IU 2 Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Synonyms Decision support tools for emergency evacuations; Emergency evacuation models
Egg-Yolk Model Objects with Broad Boundaries
Electromagnetic Tagging Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
Definition Emergency evacuation models are computerized tools that explicitly represent the time-varying disaster trajectories, evacuation (persons or goods) traffic flows as well as change of location of evacuees. These dynamic models generally involve vehicular traffic representation at varying
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Emergency Evacuation, Dynamic Transportation Models
degrees of resolutions, ranging from a coarse macroscopic analytical flow approximation to microscopic vehiclebased traffic simulation. The integral role that geographic information systems (GIS) plays in emergency evacuation management is in that GIS have the ability to overlay mapping data with location identifiers for specific objects and factors. In emergency evacuation applications, GIS can incorporate mapping information and organize critical model building information such as evacuee spatial distributions and socio-demographic as well as the geometric configurations of evacuation routes. GIS are also powerful in organizing and processing evacuation model outputs based on GIS’s spatial analysis capabilities. GIS enable a quick translation of data among different models with diversified format requirements. GIS also permit a visually effective display of model outputs, allowing quicker and effective decision-making in both offline (planning) and real-time (operations) contexts. Historical Background The majority of emergency response research started in the wake of the Three Mile Island nuclear incident in Pennsylvania, U.S. in 1979. Even though no immediate deaths or injuries of plant workers or members of the nearby community were reported, this incident brought about sweeping regulatory changes in emergency response practices as well as elevated research activities in this area [1,2,3,4,5,6]. Since then, researchers have also studied emergency response rel
