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Abel Lajtha (Ed.)

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology Schizophrenia Volume Editors: Daniel C. Javitt and Joshua T. Kantrowitz

With 62 Figures and 46 Tables

Editor Abel Lajtha Director Center for Neurochemistry Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA Volume Editors Daniel Javitt Director, Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA [email protected]

Joshua Kantrowitz Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research 140 Old Orangeburg Road Orangeburg New York, 10962 USA [email protected]

Library of Congress Control Number: 2006922553 ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐30365‐9 Additionally, the whole set will be available upon completion under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35443‐9 The electronic version of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐30426‐7 The print and electronic bundle of the whole set will be available under ISBN: 978‐0‐387‐35478‐1 ß 2009 Springer ScienceþBusiness Media, LLC. All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC., 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. springer.com Printed on acid‐free paper

SPIN: 11531043 2109 – 5 4 3 2 1 0

Preface

The field of Neuroscience has, in the past decades, undergone an explosive growth and developed very impressive approaches and very exciting and important findings on how the mechanisms in the nervous system operate. In spite of these really significant advances, our efforts to understand, cure, and prevent pathological changes have not been so successful. Mental disease to many means life-long incapacity, which affects more people in its various forms and for a longer time than any other disease, and represents a major financial burden on society, but its elimination remains unfulfilled. We still do not know whether schizophrenia or any other mental disease is a possible manifestation of separate pathologies and if so, what the biological similarities and differences between our diagnostic classes are. Of course even temporary help that diminishes the manifestations of the illness, and diminishes the associated suffering of the specific hospital populations, is of great importance and represents a crucial contribution. Clearly mental illness affects not only the patients; it is a burden on families and on the whole society; it diminishes con