Eccentric Exercise Training: Modalities, Applications and Perspectives
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Eccentric Exercise Training: Modalities, Applications and Perspectives Marie-Eve Isner-Horobeti • Ste´phane Pascal Dufour Philippe Vautravers • Bernard Geny • Emmanuel Coudeyre • Ruddy Richard
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Published online: 9 May 2013 Ó Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2013
Abstract Eccentric (ECC) exercise is classically used to improve muscle strength and power in healthy subjects and athletes. Due to its specific physiological and mechanical properties, there is an increasing interest in employing ECC muscle work for rehabilitation and clinical purposes. Nowadays, ECC muscle actions can be generated using various exercise modalities that target small or large muscle masses with minimal or no muscle damage or pain. The most interesting feature of ECC muscle actions is to combine high muscle force with a low energy cost (typically 4- to 5-times lower than concentric muscle work) when measured during leg cycle ergometry at a similar mechanical power output. Therefore, if caution is taken to minimize the occurrence of muscle damage, ECC muscle exercise can be proposed not only to athletes and healthy subjects, but also to individuals with moderately to
severely limited exercise capacity, with the ultimate goal being to improve their functional capacity and quality of life. The first part of this review article describes the available exercise modalities to generate ECC muscle work, including strength and conditioning exercises using the body’s weight and/or additional external loads, classical isotonic or isokinetic exercises and, in addition, the oldest and newest specifically designed ECC ergometers. The second part highlights the physiological and mechanical properties of ECC muscle actions, such as the wellknown higher muscle force-generating capacity and also the often overlooked specific cardiovascular and metabolic responses. This point is particularly emphasized by comparing ECC and concentric muscle work performed at similar mechanical (i.e., cycling mechanical power) or _ 2 ). In particular, metabolic power (i.e., oxygen uptake, VO
M.-E. Isner-Horobeti P. Vautravers Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Strasbourg University Rehabilitation Institute-Cle´menceau, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
E. Coudeyre Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Hoˆpital Nord, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Ce´bazat, Clermont-Ferrand, France
M.-E. Isner-Horobeti S. P. Dufour B. Geny R. Richard Strasbourg University, Federation of Translational Medicine, EA 3072 ‘‘Mitochondrie, stress oxydant et protection musculaire’’, Strasbourg, France
R. Richard Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Hoˆpital G. Montpied, University Hospital Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
M.-E. Isner-Horobeti (&) Institut Universitaire de Re´adaptation Cle´menceau-Strasbourg, 45 boulevard Cle´menceau, 67000 Strasbourg, France e-mail: [email protected]
R. Richard INRA, UMR, 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
S. P. Dufour Faculty of Sports Sc
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