Ecosystem Services of Seagrasses
General data is analyzed about seagrasses, the ecological group of monocotyledons which grow mostly in marine environments. They are the basis of higher productive ecosystems, their communities are characterized by high diversity and ecological roles, and
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Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Diversity of Seagrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The Ecosystem Role of Seagrasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Seagrass Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Commercial Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 The Transplanting and Restoration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 The Protection and Legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
General data is analyzed about seagrasses, the ecological group of monocotyledons which grow mostly in marine environments. They are the basis of higher productive ecosystems, their communities are characterized by high diversity and ecological roles, and many species have a long history of commercial uses. The socioeconomic value of seagrasses is connected with the profits from fishing and its benefits for the people’s livelihoods; some species are used for agriculture, industries, and medicine. Seagrass communities and habitats as key elements of the coastal ecosystems are included in the list of Natura 2000 and in the European Red List of Habitats; they are under protection through much international and national legislation. By summarized data, seagrass ecosystems are classed among the most vulnerable, and their worldwide decline have been documented everywhere. Seagrass restoration is a very important part of the global management strategy and global marine policy for coastal ecosystem protection, so problems of transplantation and recovering of N. Milchakova (*) A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of Russian Academia of Sciences, Sevastopol, Russia © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 M.-N. Grigore (ed.), Handbook of Halophytes, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-17854-3_124-1
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