Effect of Amoxicillin on Nitrogen Oxidation Bacteria Present in Activated Sludge: Respirometry Investigation
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Effect of Amoxicillin on Nitrogen Oxidation Bacteria Present in Activated Sludge: Respirometry Investigation Júlia Kersul Faria1 · Ana Carolina Santana Conceição1 · Márcio Yukihiro Kohatsu1 · Alessandra Borges Okamoto1 · Lúcia Helena Coelho1 · Eduardo Lucas Subtil1 · Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno1 Received: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 6 November 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Amoxicillin (AMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotics in the world and its presence in wastewater is of great concern for its potential to bacteria selection. However, there is still a gap about the toxicity effect of AMX in nitrifier biomass from activated sludge (AS). This study is based on the implementation of respirometric tests in batches in order to evaluate the toxic effluent toxicity in the nitrification process of AS. The tests were conducted by comparing respiration rates with effluent containing ammonia nitrogen ( NH4+-N) and nitrite nitrogen (NO2−-N) called “reference” and batches containing toxic effluent doped with different concentrations of AMX here called “process.” Results with effluent containing concentrations greater than 100 mg L−1 showed that AMX negatively affected the specific growth rate (μm) of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) (from 0.50 d −1 to 0.13 d −1) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) (from 0.64 d−1 to 0.15 d −1). Although there is no total inhibition of populations, these μm values are limiting for a feasible development of the nitrification process in AS systems. The removal of AMX decreased from 99 to 37% (liquid phase) when the concentration of AMX increased (20 mg L−1 to 200 mg L−1). A decrease in the microbial community AOB and NOB was observed through fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), corroborating the results of respirometry. In summary, the study showed that the inhibition of the AS nitrification process occurs in the presence of high concentrations of AMX and the most susceptible group are the NOB. Abbreviations µm Maximum specific growth constant for nitrifying bacteria (days) AOB Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria bn Constant decay for the nitrifying organisms (adopted: 0.04 × 1.03(t−20)) fn Fraction of AS that remains an endogenous residue Kn Monod half-saturation constants (mg L−1) Nc Nitrification capacity (mg L−1) Nl Nitrogen concentration in excess sludge (mg L−1) NOB Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria OUR Oxygen uptake rate (mgO2 L−1 h−1) Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-020-02287-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Rodrigo de Freitas Bueno [email protected] 1
OURend Oxygen uptake rate to endogenous respiration (mgO2 L−1 h−1) OURexo Oxygen uptake rate to exogenous respiration (mgO2 L−1 h−1) OURn Oxygen uptake rate to nitrogen compounds (mgO2 L−1 h−1) Qeff Effluent flow (L d−1) Qinf Influent flow (L d−1) Rh Hydraulic retention time (days) rn Constant specific substrate utilization (mgN
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