Effect of Gold Nanoparticles and Ions Exposure on the Aquatic Organisms
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Effect of Gold Nanoparticles and Ions Exposure on the Aquatic Organisms Daniela Hlavkova1 · Hana Caloudova2 · Pavla Palikova1 · Pavel Kopel3 · Lucie Plhalova2 · Miroslava Beklova1 · Barbora Havelkova1 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 3 September 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract An increase in the production and usage of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) triggers the necessity to focus on their impact on ecosystems. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the acute toxicity of AuNPs and ionic gold (Au (III)) to organisms representing all trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystem, namely producers (duckweed Lemna minor), consumers (crustacean Daphnia magna, embryos of Danio rerio) and decomposers (bacteria Vibrio fischeri). The organisms were exposed according to a standardized protocol for each species and endpoints. The AuNPs (1.16 and 11.6 d.nm) were synthesized using citrate (CIT) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as capping agents, respectively. It was found, that Au (III) was significantly more toxic than AuNPs PVP and AuNPs CIT. AuNPs showed significant toxicity only at high concentrations (mg/L), which are not environmentally relevant in the present time, but a cautious approach is advised, due to the possibility of interactions with other contaminants. Keywords Gold nanoparticles · Lemna minor · Daphnia magna · Danio rerio · Vibrio fischeri Nowadays, nanoparticles are more and more commonly used in a variety of commercial products, thus there is an increase in their production volume, which triggers the necessity to focus on their impact on ecosystems. We chose to focus on gold nanoparticles and their impact on the aquatic environment. Gold nanoparticles enter the aquatic environment through household waste and wastewater, as well as industrial waste or in the form of emissions (Lapresta-Fernandéz et al. 2012). Nanoparticles are used for various applications and their properties can be modified by different sizes and shapes (Mahapatra et al. 2015). Gold nanoparticles are * Daniela Hlavkova [email protected] 1
Department of Ecology and Diseases of Zooanimals, Game, Fish and Bees, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho tr. 1946/1, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
2
Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
3
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
used for electronics, tumour detection, diagnostic kits, or as therapeutic and photothermal agents (Mahapatra et al. 2015; Patibandla et al. 2018). With their increasing use, the increased amount of nanoparticles in the environment is expected (García-Cambero et al. 2013). Current predictions of environmental concentration arisen from medical use alone are 470 pg/L in surface waters in th
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