Effect of Inclined Clay Core on Embankment Dam Seepage and Stability Through LEM and FEM
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Effect of Inclined Clay Core on Embankment Dam Seepage and Stability Through LEM and FEM Farzin Salmasi Sima Samadi
. Reza Norouzi . John Abraham . Bahram Nourani .
Received: 23 February 2020 / Accepted: 6 July 2020 Ó Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Water seepage affects dam stability and loss of water from reservoirs. Consequently, seepage is an important problem in the design, implementation, and operation of embankment dams. One type of embankment dam is a non-homogeneous (zoned) dam with a clay core. Water passes through the core of the dam and loses much of its energy due to friction. Zoned embankment dams can be designed and implemented with inclined or vertical cores. In this study, the performance of inclined and vertical cores are compared using numerical models to simulate the seepage and hydraulic gradients. Also, the Limit of Equilibrium Method is used to calculate slope stability. The permeability ratio of the dam shell to the clay core is a variable. The result of this study
shows that seepage with a vertical core is less than that with an inclined core. Meanwhile, the factor of safety for upstream slope failure is higher (about 55.5%) for the embankment with an inclined core compared to the vertical core case. Also, comparisons were made using different methods to calculate the stability of the slope. The Bishop’s method showed the highest safety factor and the Fellenius’ method predicts the lowest safety factor. Keywords Clay core Embankment dam Numerical model Safety factor Seepage
1 Introduction F. Salmasi (&) R. Norouzi B. Nourani S. Samadi Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, P.O. Box: 5166616471, Tabriz, Iran e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] R. Norouzi e-mail: [email protected] B. Nourani e-mail: [email protected] S. Samadi e-mail: [email protected] J. Abraham School of Engineering, University of St. Thomas Minnesota, 2115 Summit Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Dams are important structures for water management. They are often large with significant costs and repairing damage can be very challenging. Destruction of a dam due to seepage is one of the most important failure modes (USBR 1987). Earth dams are formed with different zones, each zone affects the performance of the dam body, its stability, and other components. One of the important zones of an earth dams is the core, which has attracted the attention of researchers (for example, Asadi Sakhmarsi et al. 2014). One of the most important dangers that affect earth dams and can lead to interior failure over a prolonged period is hydraulic fracturing. For zoned dams,
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Geotech Geol Eng
differences in stiffness of the core and its abutment zone can cause differential settlement. This factor is responsible for the arching phenomenon. Differential settlements between the core and shell can cause cracks within the core s
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