Effect of magnetite nanoparticles on couple stress fluid between two parallel squeezing and expanding surfaces
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Effect of magnetite nanoparticles on couple stress fluid between two parallel squeezing and expanding surfaces Mahesh Kumar1 · K. Pravin Kashyap2 · N. Naresh Kumar3 Received: 8 August 2019 / Accepted: 3 December 2019 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract This article investigates the analysis of hydromagnetic flow of a couple stress fluid through two parallel squeezing surfaces where magnetite nanoparticles are suspended in it. Here ethylene glycol is considered as the base fluid. The dissipations due to magnetic field, viscous and couple stress fluid are considered in the energy equation. The modelled governing differential equations are transformed into dimensionless form of nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations with the aid of similarity transformations. A shooting method with Runge–Kutta 4th order is utilized to solve the system of reduced flow field equations. The influence of various parameters on the velocity (axial and radial) components and temperature are studied for squeezing and expanding cases for distinct physical parameter through graphs. The results indicate that the axial velocity and temperature show increasing trend for augmenti values of couple stress fluid parameter. Further, radial velocity and temperature also depict augmenting trend for all increasing values of Hartmann number. Keywords Couple stress fluid · Squeezing flow · Ethylene glycol · Magnetite nanoparticles · Shooting method PACS Nos. 47.15.-x · 47.10.ad · 44.90.+c · 47.60.+i · 47.65.-d · 02.60.cb
1 Introduction Nowadays the analysis of nanofluid research is a popular area and this interest is escalating due to their essential applicability in modern industries. One of the major complications in improving the heat transfer of industrial systems; for example, electronic cooling and solar stations, is the restriction over the thermal properties of the cooling fluids. The conventional base fluids such as water, ethylene glycol, engine oil, mineral oils and glycerol have less thermal conductivity and they alone are insufficient for achieving requirements of high cooling rate. To solve these kinds of problems, the pioneers like Choi and Eastman [1] introduced new category of fluids and termed as ‘nanofluid’. Nanofluids are synthesized by dispersing solid
nanoparticles in the base fluids. These fluids have more thermal conductivity and heat transfer efficiency due to the suspension of nanometer-sized particles in the abovementioned conventional fluids [2, 3]. Some nanometersized particles, such as metals (Au, Cu, Ag), carbide ceramics, carbon oxide ceramics (Al2O3, CuO), metal nitrides (AlN, SiN), TiO2, Fe, and SiO2, can be used as main components of nanofluid due to its applicability in medical and engineering field [4]. The use of nanofluids in some industrial applications like engines cooling systems, magnetic field sensors, nuclear reactors, magnetic storage media, transportation, and the cooling systems of electronics, could be a promising solution in attaining the required heat transfer capabilities. T
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