Effect of Nozzle Clogging on the Fluid Flow Pattern in a Billet Mold with Particle Image Velocimetry Technology
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sting mold enables the transfer of liquid steel to solidified steel. The flow patterns in the mold affect the temperature field distribution, inclusion transports, molten steel surface fluctuation, slag entrapment,[1,2] solidified crust thickness, continuous casting slab segregation,[3,4] and solidified steel quality.[5,6] Therefore, a reasonable molten steel flow pattern in the mold is critical. Some scholars have explored the effects of the nozzle geometry (including the hole numbers, outlet angle, and outlet shape),[7–10] nozzle position, and submerge depth[11] on the flow patterns in the mold by physical simulation, numerical simulation, or both types of simulation. Generally, a straight nozzle is employed in billet casting,[12] and bilateral-hole or multiple-hole nozzles are utilized in slab and bloom casting.[13,14] The results show that the jet stream from the straight-nozzle outlet into the billet mold has a minimal effect on the surface fluctuation.[12] The jet stream impacts the narrow sides of the slab mold after CHENGJIAN HUA, MIN WANG, and YANPING BAO are with the State Key Laboratory of Advanced Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Haidian District, Xueyuan Road 30, Beijing 100083, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted April 7, 2020. Accepted September 27, 2020.
METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B
exiting from the bilateral- or multiple-hole nozzle to form the upper and lower circulation flows. The upper circulation flow behavior affects the surface fluctuation.[13,15] Alumina inclusion in Al-killed steel tends to deposit on the inner wall of a nozzle, which changes the nozzle geometry structure until the nozzle is completely blocked.[16–22] Bai et al. investigated the effect of the nozzle slide gate clog on the fluid flow in a nozzle by the k–e model. The nozzle clog is placed at the slide gate in a cone-shaped nozzle.[23] Yu et al. investigated the bilateral-hole nozzle block position on the fluid flow in slab molds by the k–e model. The results show that the top part of the clogs greatly affects the fluid flow in the slab mold. The nozzle clog is cone-shaped and placed at the nozzle bottom in the top part of the nozzle.[24] Zhang et al. investigated the effect of bilateral-hole nozzle clogging on the fluid flow, inclusion transport, and temperature field in the slab mold by the k–e and discrete phase model. The clog is cubic-shaped and placed at the nozzle port.[25] Thomas et al. evaluated the bilateral-hole nozzle outlet block on the fluid flow velocities on the mold surface. The results show that the surface velocities on the nonblock side were higher than those on the blocked side, and more vortices on the mold surface were formed on the blocked side by the k–e model and 1/3 scale water model. The nozzle clog is cubic-shaped and placed at the nozzle port.[26] Sun et al. noted that the flow pattern in the slab mold was
asymmetric, and the fluid surface needed more time to restore stability after clog peeling based on a full-scale water model experiment. The nozzle clog is
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