Effect of the electrolyte chemical nature on the formation and characteristics of TiO 2 nanotubes synthesized by anodic
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Effect of the electrolyte chemical nature on the formation and characteristics of TiO2 nanotubes synthesized by anodic oxidation using a Ti cathode A. C. Chávez‑Mejía1 · P. I. Zaragoza‑Sánchez1 · R. Magaña‑López1 · C. E. Barrera‑Díaz2 · B. E. Jiménez‑Cisneros1 Received: 13 April 2020 / Accepted: 1 August 2020 / Published online: 13 August 2020 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The aim of this work is to show the effect of the electrolyte chemical nature on the formation of self-organized T iO2 nanotubes (TNT) arrays synthesized via anodic oxidation, when using a Ti cathode. The synthesis was performed in situ in a potentiostatic cell provided with an anode and a cathode (both Ti substrates pretreated) under constant hydrodynamic conditions and different anodizing times, temperatures and electrical potentials. Ti electrodes were immersed in 300 mL of each of an inorganic and organic electrolyte. Then, a thermal treatment varying the temperature and the heating rate in each case was applied to convert the amorphous TiO2 to crystalline TiO2. TNT were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). FESEM showed the formation of nanotubular structures perpendicular to Ti substrate with average inner diameters of 84 and 57 nm for TNT synthesized in the electrolytes with different nature tested (inorganic and organic), and labeled hereafter as TNT-I and TNT-O, respectively. EDS spectra from different zones of the substrate confirmed the presence of Ti (~ 34.2%) and O (~ 66%) on the surface of the TNT. The anatase (~ 86%) and rutile (~ 14%) crystalline phases were detected via XRD in both cases. AFM provided information about the topographic profile of TNT and the roughness of the substrates. Thus, the use of a semiconductor cathode allowed the successful synthesis of the TNT and the electrolyte chemical nature was found to influence its morphology, dimensions and formation mechanism.
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* P. I. Zaragoza‑Sánchez [email protected] A. C. Chávez‑Mejía [email protected] R. Magaña‑López [email protected] C. E. Barrera‑Díaz [email protected] B. E. Jiménez‑Cisneros [email protected] 1
Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, Coyoacán, C.P.04510 Mexico City, Mexico
Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM – UNAM, Autopista Toluca – Atlacomulco 14.5 km, C.P. 50200 Toluca, State of Mexico, Mexico
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TiO2 is a relatively abundant semiconductor material. Due to its excellent properties such as low toxicity, excellent stability to corrosion, and good chemical and biological stability, TiO2 is used in the fabrication of solar and fuel cells, paints, cosmetics, inks printing, ceramics, textiles, pavements coverings, energy storage devices, hydrogen production, biomedical applications, and as a photocatalyst for water and air purification, metal o
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