Effect of Various Nanoparticles on Tribo-Layers and Wear Behavior of TC11 Alloy
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INTRODUCTION
MULTILAYER graphene (MLG), a derivative of graphene, possesses similar properties to graphene, such as high fracture strength, high Young’s modulus, super charge carrier mobility, and extreme thermal conductivity.[1–3] It is also easier and cheaper to produce.[4,5] Thus, in recent years, MLG, as an exciting new material, has attracted considerable attention and been widely investigated in academic communities. Therein, some research works have focused on its tribological properties and attempted to fabricate a promising wear-reduced lubricant.[6–14] Zhai and Xu et al.[6–8] reported the tribological properties of MLG-reinforced metal matrix composites and suggested that MLG played a significant role in decreasing the friction coefficient and wear rate. Such an obvious reduction was attributed to the fact that MLG readily sheared and formed a protective wear-reduced tribo-layer on the sliding contact interface. Similarly, for research on the dry sliding behavior of MLG/ceramics or polymer composites under relatively low loads,[9–12] the wear resistance was drastically enhanced because of the formation of a wear-protecting graphene-based tribofilm. Additionally, Berman et al.[13,14] directly supplied ethanol solution-processed Y. ZHOU, S.Q. WANG, W. CHEN, L. WANG, K.M. CHEN, and X.H. CUI are with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Y.X. JIN is with the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212003, China. Contact e-mail: [email protected] Manuscript submitted January 6, 2017. Article published online May 8, 2017 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
graphene layers onto sliding steel surfaces and investigated their effect on the friction and wear under low load conditions. Graphene was found to participate in forming a conformal protective layer on the contact surface; thus, the friction and wear were reduced. Clearly, in these cases, the protective function of graphene-containing tribo-layers was considered to be an essential contribution to the improvement in wear resistance. Because it has a high Mohs hardness of 5.5,[15] Fe2O3 is usually considered to possess a good load-carrying capacity, which has been reported in the literature.[16–21] Iwabuchi et al.[16–18] investigated the effect of Fe2O3 particles supplied at a sliding steel interface on the severe–mild wear transition. It was confirmed that this transition occurred when a compacted oxide layer was formed. The oxide layer was regarded as the third body and had a sufficient load-carrying capacity to prevent metal–metal contact. In other words, the formation of load-bearing Fe2O3-containing tribo-layers might be a necessary condition for the reduced wear volume. Kato et al.[19–21] pointed out that the supplied Fe2O3 oxide particles directly participated in the formation of a wear-protective tribofilm by tribo-sintering on the rubbing surfaces, which accelerated the severe–mild wear transition a
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