Effective integration and integrative capacity in marine spatial planning
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RESEARCH
Effective integration and integrative capacity in marine spatial planning Joanna Vince 1,2
&
Jon C. Day 3
Received: 12 May 2019 / Accepted: 6 February 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Ecosystem-based management, spatial orientation, a multilevel policy framework and integration have all been identified as essential components of effective marine spatial planning (MSP). Integration has been noted by researchers and through international forums as being essential to achieve effective oceans governance. However, integrated policy approaches are the most difficult policies to design, develop and implement. They require a holistic rather than sectoral focus; horizontal and vertical jurisdictional support and coordination; and the involvement of a diverse group of stakeholders including industry, NGOs, and local communities. Integrated policies are prone to failure but if “integrative capacity” exists, integration in MSP can contribute to its success. This paper examines the role of integration within MSP and suggests a framework for determining effective integration and “integrative capacity”. It refers to different marine spatial planning examples which demonstrate that integrative capacity can contribute to the success, failure and longevity of MSP and ecosystem-based management.
Introduction Since the 1980s, integration has been identified as an essential feature of sustainable development (Lafferty and Hovden 2003; Kenchington and Crawford 1993) and a way to improve oceans governance (Hu 2012; Cicin-Sain 1993; Underdal 1980). This solution has also been reinforced through international instruments such as the UN Conference on the Environment and Development’s (UNCED) Agenda 21 (1992); UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (1994); the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) (2002); and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (2016). By approaching a problem holistically rather than sectorally, integrated approaches can be the drivers for * Joanna Vince [email protected] Jon C. Day [email protected] 1
School of Social Sciences, College of Arts, Law and Education, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania 7250, Australia
2
Centre for Marine Socio-ecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
3
ARC Centre for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
overcoming policy overlap, conflict, inefficiencies and inconsistencies (Briassoulis 2004). If implemented successfully, they can bring optimal outcomes for the environment, economy and society. Since integrated approaches are applied to resolve complex policy issues, they are often prone to failure (Vince 2015) and it has been suggested that policy makers should be “organizing information exchanges across sectors and levels or by tackling the most obvious incoherencies” (Candel 2017 p. 15). Many of the issues and challenges in oceans governance are complex—they often cross jurisdictional boundaries; they are multidimensional and deman
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